Structure-cytotoxicity relationship profile of 13 synthetic cathinones in differentiated human SH-SY5Y neuronal cells

• Published in: Neurotoxicology (Park Forest South) 2019-12, Vol.75, p.158-173
• Main Authors: Soares, Jorge, Costa, Vera Marisa, Gaspar, Helena, Santos, Susana, de Lourdes Bastos, Maria, Carvalho, Félix, Capela, João Paulo
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Acetylcysteine; Alkaloids - chemistry; Alkaloids - toxicity; Amphetamines; Amphetamines - chemistry; Amphetamines - toxicity; Apoptosis; Apoptosis - drug effects; Aromatic compounds; Autophagy; Autophagy - drug effects; Cell death; Cell differentiation; Cell Line, Tumor; Classical amphetamines; Cytotoxicity; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug abuse; Drug development; Exposure; Humans; Lipophilic; Methamphetamine; Microscopy, Phase-Contrast; Mitochondria; Neurons - drug effects; Neurons - ultrastructure; Oxidative stress; Phagocytosis; Propiophenones - toxicity; Pyrrolidine; Reactive oxygen species; Reactive Oxygen Species - metabolism; SH-SY5Y cells; Structure-Activity Relationship; Structure-toxicity relationship; Synthetic cathinones; Toxicity; Toxicity testing
• ISSN: 0161-813X; 1872-9711
• DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2019.08.009

[Display omitted] •Structure-toxicity profile of 13 synthetic cathinones was established.•Cathinones cytotoxicity in differentiated SH-SY5Y cells was concentration-dependent.•3,4-dimethylmethcathinone was the most toxic cathinone and more than amphetamines.•Cathinones evoked features of apoptotic death and intracellular vacuolization.•Cathinones triggered autophagy activation, as well as increased ROS production. Synthetic cathinones also known as β-keto amphetamines are a new group of recreational designer drugs. We aimed to evaluate the cytotoxic potential of thirteen cathinones lacking the methylenedioxy ring and establish a putative structure-toxicity profile using differentiated SH-SY5Y cells, as well as to compare their toxicity to that of amphetamine (AMPH) and methamphetamine (METH). Cytotoxicity assays [mitochondrial 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) reduction and lysosomal neutral red (NR) uptake] performed after a 24-h or a 48-h exposure revealed for all tested drugs a concentration-dependent toxicity. The rank order regarding the concentration that promoted 50 % of toxicity, at 24 h exposure, by the MTT assay was: 3,4-dimethylmethcathinone (3,4-DMMC) > METH > mephedrone ≈ α-pyrrolidinopentiophenone > AMPH ≈ methedrone > pentedrone > buphedrone ≈ flephedrone >α-pyrrolidinobutiophenone > methcathinone ≈ N-ethylcathinone >α-pyrrolidinopropiophenone >N,N-dimethylcathinone ≈ amfepramone. Apoptotic cell death signs were seen for all studied cathinones. 3,4-DMMC, methcathinone and pentedrone triggered autophagy activation, as well as increased reactive oxygen species production, and N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) totally prevented that rise. Importantly, NAC was also able to prevent the cytotoxicity promoted by 6 tested drugs, ruling for an involvement of oxidative stress in the toxic events observed. The increased lipophilic chain on the alpha carbon, the presence and the high steric volume occupied by the substituents on the aromatic ring, and the substitution of the pyrrolidine ring by its secondary amine analogue have proved to be key points for the cytotoxicity profile of these cathinones. The structure-toxicity relationship established herein may enlighten future human relevant mechanistic studies, and future clinical approaches on intoxications.