Relating the thermal properties of a micro pulsating heat pipe to the internal flow characteristics via experiments, image recognition of flow patterns and heat transfer simulations

• Published in: International journal of heat and mass transfer 2020-12, Vol.163, p.120415, Article 120415
• Main Authors: Kamijima, Chihiro, Yoshimoto, Yuta, Abe, Yutaro, Takagi, Shu, Kinefuchi, Ikuya
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Diameters; Effective thermal conductivity; Engraving; Enthalpy; Flow characteristics; Flow distribution; Flow visualization; Glass plates; Heat conductivity; Heat pipes; Heat transfer; Heat transfer simulations; Image segmentation; Internal flow; Latent heat; Micro pulsating heat pipe; Microchannels; Object recognition; Oscillation modes; Plugs; Semantic segmentation-based image recognition; Silicon substrates; Simulation; Slugs; Thermal conductivity; Thermal energy; Thermodynamic properties; Thin films; Visualization
• ISSN: 0017-9310; 1879-2189
• DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2020.120415

•A closed-loop MPHP with a hydraulic diameter of 350 μm is fabricated.•Effective thermal conductivities of the MPHP charged with FC-72 are measured.•Semantic segmentation-based image recognition is applied to recorded flow images.•Heat transfer simulations are performed using the extracted flow patterns.•Latent heat transfer via liquid films proves to be the most significant. We investigate the relationship between the thermal properties of a micro pulsating heat pipe (MPHP) and the internal flow characteristics via measurements of effective thermal conductivities, flow visualization followed by image recognition of the flow patterns, and heat transfer simulations employing the extracted flow patterns. The MPHP consists of an eleven-turn closed-loop of a meandering square microchannel with a hydraulic diameter of 350 μm engraved on a silicon substrate, which is covered with a transparent glass plate to allow internal flow visualization. The MPHP charged with Fluorinert FC-72 tends to exhibit higher effective thermal conductivities for the coolant temperature of Tc = 40 °C compared to Tc = 20 °C, and provides the highest effective thermal conductivity of about 700 W/(m K) for Tc = 40 °C and a filling ratio of 48%. Interestingly, we observe two different self-oscillation modes having different thermal conductivities, even for identical heat input rates. This tendency indicates a hysteresis of the effective thermal conductivity, which originates from the difference in the heat input rates at which the MPHP falls into and recovers from dryout. Subsequently, semantic segmentation-based image recognition is applied to the recorded flow images to identify the flow characteristics, successfully extracting four different flow patterns involving liquid slugs, liquid films, dry walls, and rapid-boiling regions. The image recognition results indicate that high effective thermal conductivities of the MPHP relate to stable self-oscillations with large amplitudes and high frequencies, along with long and thin liquid films beneficial for latent heat transfer. Finally, we perform numerical simulations of latent/sensible heat transfer via vapor plugs and of sensible heat transfer via liquid slugs using the extracted flow patterns and measured channel temperatures as inputs. We find that latent heat transfer via liquid films accounts for a considerable portion of the overall heat transfer, while the sensible heat transfer via liquid slugs is much less significant. [Display o