Gradient wick channels for enhanced flow boiling HTC and delayed CHF

• Published in: International journal of heat and mass transfer 2021-03, Vol.167, p.120764, Article 120764
• Main Authors: Ahmadi, Masoud, Bigham, Sajjad
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: 3D wick structure; Amplification; Boiling; Capillary flow; Capillary limit; Capillary pressure; Channels; Deionization; Flow boiling; Gradient wick channels; Heat flux; Heat sinks; Heat transfer coefficients; Mass flow rate; Nucleation; Performance measurement; Permeability; Pressure drop; Spatial distribution; Substrates; Surface roughness; Textured surfaces; Topology; Two phase flow
• ISSN: 0017-9310; 1879-2189
• DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2020.120764

•A new heat sink architecture utilizing gradient wick channels is introduced.•The permeability of the gradient wick channels is augmented by large-pore-size meshes employed near the bulk fluid while capillary pressure is maximized by small-pore-size meshes utilized near the hot boiling surface•Flow boiling performance metrics of the gradient wick channel heat sink outperform those of a homogenous wick channel heat sink.•While the CHF limit was present on heat sinks with a plain surface or solid channel walls, it was not observed on the gradient and homogenous wick channel surfaces in the mass flux and wall superheat range studied. Liquid supply to wick structures of flow boiling surfaces is fundamentally restricted by the capillary limit at which the pressure drop of the wicked liquid surpasses texture-amplified capillary forces. Gradient wick structures partially decouple permeability and capillary pressure, thereby delaying the capillary limit. In this study, gradient wick channels facilitating out-of-plane liquid delivery are introduced to postpone the capillary limit and thus enhance the two-phase flow boiling heat transfer coefficient (HTC) and delay critical heat flux (CHF). Here, the permeability of the gradient wick channels is augmented by large-pore-size meshes employed near the bulk fluid while capillary pressure is maximized by small-pore-size meshes utilized near the hot boiling surface. This combination of wick structures enables to preferentially guide the cooling liquid, deionized water, from the far-field cold liquid toward the bottom hot substrate. The spatial distribution of individual gradient wick channels promotes separate liquid-vapor pathways, thus facilitating the vapor escape process. Experiments conducted here reveal that the flow boiling performance metrics of the proposed heat sink leveraging the gradient wick channels outperform those of the homogenous wick channels and solid fin channels. The proposed heat sink demonstrates a strong liquid mass flux dependency due to a combination of convective boiling and amplified wickability effects. The enhanced convective boiling could be related to surface roughness, a high number of active nucleation sites, and a large surface area available through tortuous passages of wick channels. At higher mass flow rates, effective capillary pressure available for out-of-plane wicking action also increases, thereby further boosting the wickability effect and associated heat transfer processes. Th