“The Tail Wagging the Dog”: High-Stakes Testing as a Mediating Context in Secondary Literacy-Related

• Published in: Teachers College record (1970) 2020-11, Vol.122 (11), p.1-47
• Main Authors: Learned, Julie E., Dacus, Laura C., Morgan, Mary Jo, Schiller, Kathryn S., Gorgun, Guher
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Academic achievement; Data Analysis; Grade 11; Graduations & commencements; High School Students; High School Teachers; High Stakes Tests; Literacy; Perceptions; Research Design; Resistance (Psychology); Secondary school students; Student Attitudes; Student Reaction; Teacher Attitudes; Teacher Response; Tests
• ISSN: 0161-4681; 1467-9620
• DOI: 10.1177/016146812012201115

Background/Context High-stakes testing (HST) weaves through the fabric of school life, stretching beyond the test day. Results have consequences for a school's reputation and autonomy, as well as teachers’ evaluations and students’ graduation and morale. Prior research demonstrates the constraining and inequitable effects assessments can have on students’ learning. Purpose/Objective/Research Question/Focus of Study Recently, scholars have called for more research on students’ and teachers’ perspectives on HST. Responding to this call, we conducted a yearlong study in a high school designated as “persistently struggling” by the state. We examined adolescents’ and educators’ perceptions, reactions, and resistance to HST. We traced participants’ interactions with and about testing over the course of a school year as they prepared for, discussed, and eventually participated in test day. Research Design We conducted a yearlong qualitative study in which participants were 15 focal 11th graders and 9 teachers. We conducted 425 hours of observations and 52 interviews, as well as collected assessment data and classroom artifacts. For this article, we used quantitative survey data as a secondary source and analyzed the responses of 425 11th graders. Conclusions/Recommendations Analysis showed that HST served as a dominant context for literacy-related teaching across disciplines. Participants negotiated tension between their beliefs about education and their efforts to boost test scores. Teachers reported that assessments and their accompanying prescriptive curriculum hindered literacy and content area teaching and learning. Students, although they had diverse opinions about HST's usefulness, reported it created emotional distress, which compromised test performance. Testing contributed to a high-pressure environment in which literacy and content instruction were made reductive. Participants’ perspectives, and ways in which they resisted, provide insights into HST effects, as well as suggest promising, alternative routes toward equitable assessment that supports meaningful learning.