Fast-Response transient heat flux measurements in a plasma wind tunnel

• Published in: International journal of heat and mass transfer 2021-07, Vol.173, p.121234, Article 121234
• Main Authors: Birch, Byrenn, Buttsworth, David, Löhle, Stefan, Hufgard, Fabian
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Diameters; Enthalpy; Heat flux; Heat transfer; Impulse response; Laser calibration; Nozzles; Plasma wind tunnel; Radial distribution; Spatial distribution; System identification; Temperature; Thermocouples; Wind tunnels
• ISSN: 0017-9310; 1879-2189
• DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2021.121234

•Short duration heat flux gauge calibrations can be extrapolated for use at longer timescales.•Surface junction thermocouples, with appropriate insulation, can be used in plasma facilities.•Fast-response heat flux gauges can measure a heat flux profile in a single plasma traverse. A fast response heat transfer gauge has been developed to measure the radial distribution and the fluctuations of heat flux in a supersonic arcjet plasma wind tunnel. The heat flux gauge consists of 3.2 mm diameter coaxial surface junction thermocouple which was positioned behind a thin layer of PTFE and mounted in a ESA standard 50 mm diameter flat faced copper probe head. A non-dimensional impulse response for the heat flux gauge was identified using pulsed optical power deposition from a laser. The impulse response was used in combination with reference measurements from a calorimeter at a single location to determine the distribution and fluctuations in heat flux. Eight traverses of the PWK4 jet at the University of Stuttgart confirmed a symmetric Gaussian-like heat flux distribution with a centreline heat flux consistent to within ±6%. These distributions were measured in less than one second, representing a significant gain in productivity when compared to calorimeter-based heat flux measurements where probes must be held stationary at a number of locations in order to resolve spatial distributions. At this particular PWK4 operating condition, which had a flow stagnation enthalpy of approximately 15 MJkg−1, heat flux fluctuations of up to ± 140 kWm-2 (corresponding to a relative variation of 15% of the centreline heat flux) were identified near the vicinity of the nozzle centreline for frequencies from 4 Hz to 1 kHz.