Investigating tertiary amine alkylation/benzylation kinetics with ramp-flow in a plug-flow reactor using in-line 1H NMR spectroscopy

• Published in: Chemical engineering research & design 2021-04, Vol.168, p.317-326
• Main Authors: Kleijwegt, Roel J.T., Doruiter, Sven Y., Winkenwerder, Wyatt, van der Schaaf, John
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Acetonitrile; Alkylation; Amine quaternisation; Amines; Catalysts; Chemical industry; Heat transfer; In-line [formula omitted]H NMR spectroscopy; Kinetics; Linear ramp-flow; NMR; NMR spectroscopy; Nuclear magnetic resonance; Parameters; Phase transfer catalysts; Phase transitions; Plug flow chemical reactors; Process intensification; Quaternary ammonium salts; Reaction kinetics; Solvent effect; Solvents
• ISSN: 0263-8762; 1744-3563
• DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2021.02.021

[Display omitted] •A novel linear ramp-flow method is developed to efficiently determine reaction kinetics with inline 1H NMR spectroscopy.•The method is successfully validated with conventional batch and steady-state flow reaction kinetic measurements.•The ramp-flow kinetic data is fitted to obtain Arrhenius parameters for tertiary amine quaternisation reactions.•The ramp-flow method could be applied to various chemical systems to obtain their reaction kinetics accurately and efficiently. Quaternary ammonium salts are readily utilised within the chemical industry as, e.g., phase-transfer catalysts and anti-microbials, and their annual production capacity exceeds 1 million tonnes. These surfactants are conventionally produced in batch Menshutkin reactions from tertiary amines and an alkyl halide. With an incentive to move towards a more efficient continuous process, a better understanding of its kinetics is paramount. This paper explores a novel method to determine kinetic parameters, by introducing a linear flow ramp, combined with in-line Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1H NMR) analytics. Batch reactions between N,N-dimethyldecylamine (DMDA) and benzyl chloride (BnCl) have been performed in various solvents to examine solvent effects, and to validate the ramp-flow method. 1H NMR spectrometry showed that acetonitrile had the highest reaction rate, while methanol (MeOH) was deemed to have the best overall potential with regards to process intensification and product separation. Kinetic data was also obtained in a Plug-Flow Reactor (PFR) subjected to ramp-flow, under continuous measurement of the outlet stream composition. Between 20 and 70 °C, DMDA quaternisation rates were determined in MeOH, using both BnCl and methyl iodide reactants. This resulted in the successful elucidation of the respective Arrhenius parameters. Furthermore, the data from the ramp-flow method has been compared with the data obtained in batch, and in the PFR under conventional steady-state conditions. In general, all three methods were in good agreement, and it was concluded that the proposed method is valid. This method can thus provide a more efficient way to determine highly accurate kinetic parameters.