Geopolitical risks, energy consumption, and CO2 emissions in BRICS: an asymmetric analysis

Environmental pollution is a geopolitical problem, and researchers have not considered it seriously yet. This study examines the asymmetric influence of geopolitical risk on energy consumption and CO 2 emissions in BRICS economies using the non-linear autoregressive distributed lag model (NARDL) tes...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Environmental science and pollution research international 2021-08, Vol.28 (29), p.39668-39679
Main Authors: Zhao, Weijun, Zhong, Ruoyu, Sohail, Sidra, Majeed, Muhammad Tariq, Ullah, Sana
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Aquatic Pollution
Asymmetry
Atmospheric Protection/Air Quality Control/Air Pollution
Autoregressive models
Carbon dioxide
Carbon dioxide emissions
Earth and Environmental Science
Ecotoxicology
Emissions
Empirical analysis
Energy consumption
Environment
Environmental Chemistry
Environmental Health
Environmental policy
Environmental science
Geopolitics
International relations
Political risk
Research Article
Risk
Waste Water Technology
Water Management
Water Pollution Control
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Summary:Environmental pollution is a geopolitical problem, and researchers have not considered it seriously yet. This study examines the asymmetric influence of geopolitical risk on energy consumption and CO 2 emissions in BRICS economies using the non-linear autoregressive distributed lag model (NARDL) testing method over the period of 1985–2019. Therefore, we observed that in the long run, a positive and negative change in geopolitical risk has negative effect on energy consumption in India, Brazil, and China. The outcomes confirmed that an increase in geopolitical risk has negative effect on CO 2 emissions in Russia and South Africa. Although a decrease in geopolitical risk has negative effects on CO 2 emissions in India, China, South Africa, it has positive coefficient in Russia in the long run. Based on empirical findings, we also revealed that asymmetries mostly exist in terms of magnitude rather than direction. Our empirical results are country and group specific. The findings call for important changes in energy and environment policies to accommodate geopolitical risks.
ISSN:0944-1344
1614-7499
DOI:10.1007/s11356-021-13505-5