Eneolithic pile dwellers captured waterfowl in winter: Analysis of avian bone remains from two pile dwellings in Ljubljansko barje (Slovenia)

• Published in: International journal of osteoarchaeology 2021-11, Vol.31 (6), p.977-986
• Main Authors: Janžekovič, Franc, Klenovšek, Tina, Mlíkovský, Jiří, Toškan, Borut, Velušček, Anton
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: archaeozoology; bird bones; Birds; Bones; Eneolithic; Hypotheses; palaeoecology; pile dwellings; taphonomy
• ISSN: 1047-482X; 1099-1212
• DOI: 10.1002/oa.3012

This study presents the results of an ornitho‐archaeological analysis of avian bones from Stare gmajne and Blatna Brezovica, two Eneolithic pile dwelling sites in the area of Ljubljansko barje, Slovenia. Avian bone remains, together with remnants of huts, tools, mammal bones and bones of other vertebrates, represent the material remnant of a pile dwelling culture from the second half of the fourth millennium BC. A total of 2091 avian bones or fragments thereof were excavated. The avifauna includes 682 taxonomically identified remains (NISP), assigned to 15 bird taxa. Taxonomically, species from the Anatidae group predominate (68.7% of NISP), mainly Bucephala clangula (40.3% of NISP). Also abundant is Fulica atra (26.2% NISP) from the family Rallidae. In the ecological context, species inhabiting aquatic or marshy habitats prevail. Representatives of three ecomorphological groups of waterbirds were found: diving birds (Podiceps sp., Phalacrocorax carbo, Aythya fuligula, B. clangula and Mergus sp.), waterbirds (Cygnus sp., Anser sp., Anas sp. and F. atra) and the marsh species group (Ardea cinerea). The absence of medullary bone and the abundance of wintering species in the area are consistent with the hypothesis that the birds were captured during the winter season. Taphonomic evidence (burned bones) suggests that the studied assemblages were human food waste. The abundance of avian bone remains supports the hypothesis that the native peoples were skilled hunters of aquatic birds.