The power and sensitivity of four core driver workload measures for benchmarking the distraction potential of new driver vehicle interfaces

• Published in: Transportation research. Part F, Traffic psychology and behaviour Traffic psychology and behaviour, 2021-11, Vol.83, p.99-117
• Main Authors: McDonnell, Amy S., Imberger, Kelly, Poulter, Christopher, Cooper, Joel M.
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Distracted driving; Driver distraction potential; Evaluation; Human machine interface; Human-computer interaction; In vehicle; Interfaces; Man-machine interfaces; Occlusion; Questionnaires; Reaction time; Temporal demand; Traffic accidents & safety; Variance analysis; Vehicle evaluation; Visual demand; Visual tasks; Workload
• ISSN: 1369-8478; 1873-5517
• DOI: 10.1016/j.trf.2021.09.019

•Evaluated the sensitivity of four common driver workload measures.•Data were collected on the road while drivers completed secondary tasks.•Task interaction time is most sensitive to detecting differences in driver workload between in and vehicle HMIs.•Reaction time is least sensitive to detecting differences in driver workload between in and vehicle HMIs.•Results should be applied to future driver distraction potential testing and vehicle evaluation. This study evaluated the power and sensitivity of several core driver workload measures in order to better understand their use as a component of future driver distraction potential evaluation procedures of the in-vehicle human machine interface (HMI). Driving is a task that requires visual, manual and cognitive resources to perform. Secondary tasks, such as mobile phone use and interaction with in-built navigation, which load onto any of these three processing resources increase driver workload and can lead to impaired driving. Because workload and distraction potential are interrelated, a comprehensive method to assess driver workload that produces valid and predictive results is needed to advance the science of distraction potential evaluation. It is also needed to incorporate into New Car Assessment Program (NCAP) testing regimes. Workload measures of cognitive (DRT [Detection Response Task] Reaction Time), visual (DRT Miss Rate), subjective (NASA-TLX [driver workload questionnaire]), and temporal demand (Task Interaction Time) were collected as participants drove one of 40 vehicles while completing a variety of secondary tasks with varying interaction requirements. Of the evaluated measures, variance and power analyses demonstrated that Task Interaction Time is the most sensitive in detecting differences in driver workload between different in-vehicle HMIs, followed by DRT Miss Rate, NASA-TLX and finally DRT Reaction Time. There were relatively weak correlations between each of the four measures. These results suggest that Task Interaction Time, coupled with a reliable visual demand metric such as DRT Miss Rate, eye glance coding, or visual occlusion, more efficiently detect differences in driver workload between different HMIs compared to DRT Reaction Time and the NASA-TLX questionnaire. These results can be used to improve the understanding of the utility of each of these core driver workload measures in assessing driver distraction potential.