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Post occupancy evaluation of 12 retrofit nZEB dwellings: The impact of occupants and high in-use interior temperatures on the predictive accuracy of the nZEB energy standard
[Display omitted] The Europe Union needs to reduce its carbon emissions. To achieve the proposed 55% emission reduction target by 2030 it has embarked on a Renovation Wave which aims for more, and deeper, building renovation. Considering this ambition and the scale of the challenge, there remains a...
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| Published in: | Energy and buildings 2022-01, Vol.254, p.111563, Article 111563 |
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| container_start_page | 111563 |
| container_title | Energy and buildings |
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| creator | Colclough, Shane Hegarty, Richard O. Murray, Martin Lennon, Donal Rieux, Etienne Colclough, Mark Kinnane, Oliver |
| description | [Display omitted]
The Europe Union needs to reduce its carbon emissions. To achieve the proposed 55% emission reduction target by 2030 it has embarked on a Renovation Wave which aims for more, and deeper, building renovation. Considering this ambition and the scale of the challenge, there remains a surprising paucity of documented post occupancy evaluation studies of deep retrofit projects, particularly those related to the new nZEB standards and of group housing schemes. This paper reports on the post-retrofit performance of a community of 12 single story, one bedroom social houses located in the southeast of Ireland, occupied by retired and elderly tenants. The deep retrofit works included the upgrade of the building fabric, ventilation and heating, all with a view to transforming the living standards of the occupants. They in turn responded, when surveyed, with near unanimous satisfaction. The upgrade and the addition of onsite microgeneration ensured these houses were transformed from lowly F and G national building energy ratings (BER) to A rated homes as calculated by the national energy rating software, DEAP. However, a performance gap is reported between the expected A performance ( |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1016/j.enbuild.2021.111563 |
| format | article |
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The Europe Union needs to reduce its carbon emissions. To achieve the proposed 55% emission reduction target by 2030 it has embarked on a Renovation Wave which aims for more, and deeper, building renovation. Considering this ambition and the scale of the challenge, there remains a surprising paucity of documented post occupancy evaluation studies of deep retrofit projects, particularly those related to the new nZEB standards and of group housing schemes. This paper reports on the post-retrofit performance of a community of 12 single story, one bedroom social houses located in the southeast of Ireland, occupied by retired and elderly tenants. The deep retrofit works included the upgrade of the building fabric, ventilation and heating, all with a view to transforming the living standards of the occupants. They in turn responded, when surveyed, with near unanimous satisfaction. The upgrade and the addition of onsite microgeneration ensured these houses were transformed from lowly F and G national building energy ratings (BER) to A rated homes as calculated by the national energy rating software, DEAP. However, a performance gap is reported between the expected A performance (<75 kWh/m2/yr) and the actual performance, with some homes consuming more than twice the predicted energy, while in one extreme case the mean winter indoor temperatures are more than 7 °C above the operating temperatures assumed by the DEAP software. The higher than expected indoor temperatures are directly correlated with the higher than expected energy consumption, consumed by a heat pump which in itself exhibited inefficiencies in operation.
This post occupancy evaluation, post retrofit, provides evidence therefore of high occupant satisfaction, but a satisfaction based on significant energy ‘underperformance’. This case study provides evidence and insights that can help guide future retrofit practices as Ireland progresses towards the transformation of its building stock to near Zero Energy Buildings (nZEB).
It also opens up serious questions around the aims and expectations of our national nZEB standard and generates some key insights into the energy consumption of nZEB dwellings and the assessment methods necessary to measure them accurately.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0378-7788</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1872-6178</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2021.111563</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Lausanne: Elsevier B.V</publisher><subject>Bedrooms ; Case study ; Computer programs ; DEAP ; Distributed generation ; Dwelling energy assessment procedure ; Dwellings ; Emissions ; Emissions control ; Energy consumption ; Energy rating ; Green buildings ; Heat exchangers ; Heat pumps ; Houses ; Low energy buildings ; National energy rating software ; Near zero energy buildings ; NZEB ; Occupancy ; Occupant satisfaction ; Operating temperature ; POE ; Post occupancy evaluation ; Retrofit ; Retrofitting ; Software</subject><ispartof>Energy and buildings, 2022-01, Vol.254, p.111563, Article 111563</ispartof><rights>2021 The Author(s)</rights><rights>Copyright Elsevier BV Jan 1, 2022</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c384t-586d7b2be68b83e54239aaae5ada73cf180758a3304be95efb89b0e6bb3849f73</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c384t-586d7b2be68b83e54239aaae5ada73cf180758a3304be95efb89b0e6bb3849f73</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><link.rule.ids>314,780,784,27924,27925</link.rule.ids></links><search><creatorcontrib>Colclough, Shane</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hegarty, Richard O.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Murray, Martin</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Lennon, Donal</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Rieux, Etienne</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Colclough, Mark</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kinnane, Oliver</creatorcontrib><title>Post occupancy evaluation of 12 retrofit nZEB dwellings: The impact of occupants and high in-use interior temperatures on the predictive accuracy of the nZEB energy standard</title><title>Energy and buildings</title><description>[Display omitted]
The Europe Union needs to reduce its carbon emissions. To achieve the proposed 55% emission reduction target by 2030 it has embarked on a Renovation Wave which aims for more, and deeper, building renovation. Considering this ambition and the scale of the challenge, there remains a surprising paucity of documented post occupancy evaluation studies of deep retrofit projects, particularly those related to the new nZEB standards and of group housing schemes. This paper reports on the post-retrofit performance of a community of 12 single story, one bedroom social houses located in the southeast of Ireland, occupied by retired and elderly tenants. The deep retrofit works included the upgrade of the building fabric, ventilation and heating, all with a view to transforming the living standards of the occupants. They in turn responded, when surveyed, with near unanimous satisfaction. The upgrade and the addition of onsite microgeneration ensured these houses were transformed from lowly F and G national building energy ratings (BER) to A rated homes as calculated by the national energy rating software, DEAP. However, a performance gap is reported between the expected A performance (<75 kWh/m2/yr) and the actual performance, with some homes consuming more than twice the predicted energy, while in one extreme case the mean winter indoor temperatures are more than 7 °C above the operating temperatures assumed by the DEAP software. The higher than expected indoor temperatures are directly correlated with the higher than expected energy consumption, consumed by a heat pump which in itself exhibited inefficiencies in operation.
This post occupancy evaluation, post retrofit, provides evidence therefore of high occupant satisfaction, but a satisfaction based on significant energy ‘underperformance’. This case study provides evidence and insights that can help guide future retrofit practices as Ireland progresses towards the transformation of its building stock to near Zero Energy Buildings (nZEB).
It also opens up serious questions around the aims and expectations of our national nZEB standard and generates some key insights into the energy consumption of nZEB dwellings and the assessment methods necessary to measure them accurately.</description><subject>Bedrooms</subject><subject>Case study</subject><subject>Computer programs</subject><subject>DEAP</subject><subject>Distributed generation</subject><subject>Dwelling energy assessment procedure</subject><subject>Dwellings</subject><subject>Emissions</subject><subject>Emissions control</subject><subject>Energy consumption</subject><subject>Energy rating</subject><subject>Green buildings</subject><subject>Heat exchangers</subject><subject>Heat pumps</subject><subject>Houses</subject><subject>Low energy buildings</subject><subject>National energy rating software</subject><subject>Near zero energy buildings</subject><subject>NZEB</subject><subject>Occupancy</subject><subject>Occupant satisfaction</subject><subject>Operating temperature</subject><subject>POE</subject><subject>Post occupancy evaluation</subject><subject>Retrofit</subject><subject>Retrofitting</subject><subject>Software</subject><issn>0378-7788</issn><issn>1872-6178</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2022</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><recordid>eNqFkc2O0zAUhS0EEmXgEZAssU7xTxM7bBCMBhhpJFgMGzaW7dy0rlI7XDtFfSjeEZd2P6u7uOd89-cQ8pazNWe8e79fQ3RLmIa1YIKvOedtJ5-RFddKNB1X-jlZMal0o5TWL8mrnPeMsa5VfEX-_ki50OT9MtvoTxSOdlpsCSnSNFIuKELBNIZC46-7z3T4A9MU4jZ_oI87oOEwW1_OyiuhZGrjQHdhu6MhNkuumlgAQ0Ja4DAD2rIgZFr5pQJmhCH4Eo5AbSWgrStU2rn1fx5EwO2J5lKpFofX5MVopwxvrvWG_Pxy93j7rXn4_vX-9tND46XelKbV3aCccNBppyW0GyF7ay20drBK-pFrplptpWQbB30Lo9O9Y9A5V-39qOQNeXfhzph-L5CL2acFYx1pRCfkphM966uqvag8ppwRRjNjOFg8Gc7MORmzN9dkzDkZc0mm-j5efFBPOAZAk32A6OsrEHwxQwpPEP4BZTWc-A</recordid><startdate>20220101</startdate><enddate>20220101</enddate><creator>Colclough, Shane</creator><creator>Hegarty, Richard O.</creator><creator>Murray, Martin</creator><creator>Lennon, Donal</creator><creator>Rieux, Etienne</creator><creator>Colclough, Mark</creator><creator>Kinnane, Oliver</creator><general>Elsevier B.V</general><general>Elsevier BV</general><scope>6I.</scope><scope>AAFTH</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7ST</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>F28</scope><scope>FR3</scope><scope>KR7</scope><scope>SOI</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20220101</creationdate><title>Post occupancy evaluation of 12 retrofit nZEB dwellings: The impact of occupants and high in-use interior temperatures on the predictive accuracy of the nZEB energy standard</title><author>Colclough, Shane ; Hegarty, Richard O. ; Murray, Martin ; Lennon, Donal ; Rieux, Etienne ; Colclough, Mark ; Kinnane, Oliver</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c384t-586d7b2be68b83e54239aaae5ada73cf180758a3304be95efb89b0e6bb3849f73</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2022</creationdate><topic>Bedrooms</topic><topic>Case study</topic><topic>Computer programs</topic><topic>DEAP</topic><topic>Distributed generation</topic><topic>Dwelling energy assessment procedure</topic><topic>Dwellings</topic><topic>Emissions</topic><topic>Emissions control</topic><topic>Energy consumption</topic><topic>Energy rating</topic><topic>Green buildings</topic><topic>Heat exchangers</topic><topic>Heat pumps</topic><topic>Houses</topic><topic>Low energy buildings</topic><topic>National energy rating software</topic><topic>Near zero energy buildings</topic><topic>NZEB</topic><topic>Occupancy</topic><topic>Occupant satisfaction</topic><topic>Operating temperature</topic><topic>POE</topic><topic>Post occupancy evaluation</topic><topic>Retrofit</topic><topic>Retrofitting</topic><topic>Software</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Colclough, Shane</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hegarty, Richard O.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Murray, Martin</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Lennon, Donal</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Rieux, Etienne</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Colclough, Mark</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kinnane, Oliver</creatorcontrib><collection>ScienceDirect Open Access Titles</collection><collection>Elsevier:ScienceDirect:Open Access</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Environment Abstracts</collection><collection>Technology Research Database</collection><collection>Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management</collection><collection>ANTE: Abstracts in New Technology & Engineering</collection><collection>Engineering Research Database</collection><collection>Civil Engineering Abstracts</collection><collection>Environment Abstracts</collection><jtitle>Energy and buildings</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Colclough, Shane</au><au>Hegarty, Richard O.</au><au>Murray, Martin</au><au>Lennon, Donal</au><au>Rieux, Etienne</au><au>Colclough, Mark</au><au>Kinnane, Oliver</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Post occupancy evaluation of 12 retrofit nZEB dwellings: The impact of occupants and high in-use interior temperatures on the predictive accuracy of the nZEB energy standard</atitle><jtitle>Energy and buildings</jtitle><date>2022-01-01</date><risdate>2022</risdate><volume>254</volume><spage>111563</spage><pages>111563-</pages><artnum>111563</artnum><issn>0378-7788</issn><eissn>1872-6178</eissn><abstract>[Display omitted]
The Europe Union needs to reduce its carbon emissions. To achieve the proposed 55% emission reduction target by 2030 it has embarked on a Renovation Wave which aims for more, and deeper, building renovation. Considering this ambition and the scale of the challenge, there remains a surprising paucity of documented post occupancy evaluation studies of deep retrofit projects, particularly those related to the new nZEB standards and of group housing schemes. This paper reports on the post-retrofit performance of a community of 12 single story, one bedroom social houses located in the southeast of Ireland, occupied by retired and elderly tenants. The deep retrofit works included the upgrade of the building fabric, ventilation and heating, all with a view to transforming the living standards of the occupants. They in turn responded, when surveyed, with near unanimous satisfaction. The upgrade and the addition of onsite microgeneration ensured these houses were transformed from lowly F and G national building energy ratings (BER) to A rated homes as calculated by the national energy rating software, DEAP. However, a performance gap is reported between the expected A performance (<75 kWh/m2/yr) and the actual performance, with some homes consuming more than twice the predicted energy, while in one extreme case the mean winter indoor temperatures are more than 7 °C above the operating temperatures assumed by the DEAP software. The higher than expected indoor temperatures are directly correlated with the higher than expected energy consumption, consumed by a heat pump which in itself exhibited inefficiencies in operation.
This post occupancy evaluation, post retrofit, provides evidence therefore of high occupant satisfaction, but a satisfaction based on significant energy ‘underperformance’. This case study provides evidence and insights that can help guide future retrofit practices as Ireland progresses towards the transformation of its building stock to near Zero Energy Buildings (nZEB).
It also opens up serious questions around the aims and expectations of our national nZEB standard and generates some key insights into the energy consumption of nZEB dwellings and the assessment methods necessary to measure them accurately.</abstract><cop>Lausanne</cop><pub>Elsevier B.V</pub><doi>10.1016/j.enbuild.2021.111563</doi><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| ispartof | Energy and buildings, 2022-01, Vol.254, p.111563, Article 111563 |
| issn | 0378-7788 1872-6178 |
| language | eng |
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| source | ScienceDirect Freedom Collection |
| subjects | Bedrooms Case study Computer programs DEAP Distributed generation Dwelling energy assessment procedure Dwellings Emissions Emissions control Energy consumption Energy rating Green buildings Heat exchangers Heat pumps Houses Low energy buildings National energy rating software Near zero energy buildings NZEB Occupancy Occupant satisfaction Operating temperature POE Post occupancy evaluation Retrofit Retrofitting Software |
| title | Post occupancy evaluation of 12 retrofit nZEB dwellings: The impact of occupants and high in-use interior temperatures on the predictive accuracy of the nZEB energy standard |
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