A quantitative analysis of the ignition characteristics of fine iron particles

• Published in: Combustion and flame 2022-06, Vol.240, p.112011, Article 112011
• Main Authors: Mi, XiaoCheng, Fujinawa, Aki, Bergthorson, Jeffrey M.
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Combustion; Delay time; Gas temperature; Heat loss; Heterogeneous combustion; High temperature effects; Ignition analysis; Ignition temperature; Iron; Iron particle; Metal fuel; Oxidation; Particle size; Quantitative analysis; Rare gases; Reaction kinetics; Solid phases; Thermal conductivity; Thermal runaway; Thickness
• ISSN: 0010-2180; 1556-2921
• DOI: 10.1016/j.combustflame.2022.112011

Ignition of iron particles in an oxidizing environment marks the onset of self-sustained combustion. The objective of the current study is to quantitatively examine the ignition characteristics of fine iron particles (i.e., 1µm- to 100µm-sized) governed by the kinetics of solid-phase iron oxidation. The oxidation rates are inversely proportional to the thickness of the oxide layer (i.e., following a parabolic rate law) and calibrated using the experimentally measured growth of iron-oxide layers over time. Steady-state (i.e., Semenov’s analysis) and unsteady analysis have been performed to probe the dependence of the critical gas temperature required to trigger a thermal runaway (namely, the ignition temperature Tign) on particle size, initial thickness of oxide layer, inert gas species, radiative heat loss, and the collective heating effect in a suspension of particles. Both analyses indicate that Tign depends on δ0, i.e., the ratio between the initial oxide layer thickness and particle size, regardless of the absolute size of the particle. The unsteady analysis predicts that, for δ0≲0.003, Tign becomes independent of δ0. Under standard conditions in air, Tign is approximately 1080 K for any particle size greater than 5µm. The ignition temperature decreases as the thermal conductivity of the oxidizing gas decreases. Radiative heat loss has a minor effect on Tign. The collective effect of a suspension of iron particles in reducing Tign is demonstrated. The transition behavior between kinetic-controlled and external-diffusion-controlled combustion regimes of an ignited iron particle is systematically examined. The influences of initial oxide-layer thickness and particle temperature on the ignition delay time, τign, of iron particles are parametrically probed. A d2-law scaling between τign and particle size is identified. Possible sources of inaccuracy are discussed.