Speeding Up Reactive Transport Simulations in Cement Systems by Surrogate Geochemical Modeling: Deep Neural Networks and k-Nearest Neighbors

• Published in: Transport in porous media 2022-06, Vol.143 (2), p.433-462
• Main Authors: Laloy, Eric, Jacques, Diederik
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Artificial neural networks; Calcium silicate hydrate; Calcium silicates; Cement; Cement paste; Civil Engineering; Classical and Continuum Physics; Dispersion hardening; Earth and Environmental Science; Earth Sciences; Emulators; Geochemistry; Geotechnical Engineering & Applied Earth Sciences; Hydrogeology; Hydrology/Water Resources; Industrial Chemistry/Chemical Engineering; Leaching; Neural networks; Parallel processing; Parameter identification; Simulation; Solid solutions
• ISSN: 0169-3913; 1573-1634
• DOI: 10.1007/s11242-022-01779-3

We accelerate reactive transport (RT) simulation by replacing the geochemical solver in the RT code by a surrogate model or emulator, considering either a trained deep neural network (DNN) or a k -nearest neighbor (kNN) regressor. We focus on 2D leaching of hardened cement paste under diffusive or advective-dispersive transport conditions, a solid solution representation of the calcium silicate hydrates and either 4 or 7 chemical components, and use the HPx (coupled Hydrus-PHREEQC model) reactive transport code as baseline. We find that after training, both our DNN-based and kNN-based codes, HPx py -DNN and HPx py -kNN, can make satisfactorily to very accurate predictions while providing either a 3 to 9 speedup factor compared to HPx with parallelized geochemical calculations over 4 cores. Benchmarking against single-threaded HPx, these speedup factors become 8 to 33. Overall, HPx py -DNN and HPx py -kNN are found to achieve a close to optimal speedup when DNN regression and kNN search are performed on a GPU. Importantly, for the more complex 7-components cement system, no emulator that is globally accurate over the full space of possible geochemical conditions could be devised. Instead we therefore build “local” emulators that are only valid over a relevant fraction of the input parameter space. This space is identified by running a coarse and thus computationally cheap full RT simulation, and subsequently explored by kernel density sampling. Future work will focus on improving accuracy for this type of cement systems.