Sustainable iron-rich cements: Raw material sources and binder types

The bulk of the cement industry's environmental burden is from the calcareous source. Calcium is mostly available naturally as limestone (CaCO3), where almost half of the mass is eventually released as CO2 during clinker manufacture. Iron (Fe) is the fourth most common element in the Earth'...

Full description

Saved in:
Bibliographic Details
Published in:Cement and concrete research 2022-07, Vol.157, p.106834, Article 106834
Main Authors: Peys, Arne, Isteri, Visa, Yliniemi, Juho, Yorkshire, Antonia S., Lemougna, Patrick N., Utton, Claire, Provis, John L., Snellings, Ruben, Hanein, Theodore
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Alkali-activated materials
Aluminum
Calcium carbonate
Cement
Cements
Clinker
Clinkers
Earth crust
Ferrite
Iron
Limestone
Low-carbon
Natural resources
Raw materials
Residue valorisation
Speciation
Supplementary cementitious materials
Supply chains
Citations: Items that this one cites
Items that cite this one
Online Access:Get full text
Tags: Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
Description
Summary:The bulk of the cement industry's environmental burden is from the calcareous source. Calcium is mostly available naturally as limestone (CaCO3), where almost half of the mass is eventually released as CO2 during clinker manufacture. Iron (Fe) is the fourth most common element in the Earth's crust surpassed only by oxygen, silicon, and aluminium; therefore, potential raw materials for alternative cements can contain significant amounts of iron. This review paper discusses in detail the most abundantly available Fe-rich natural resources and industrial by-products and residues, establishing symbiotic supply chains from various sectors. The discussion then focusses on the impact of high iron content in clinker and on ferrite (thermo)chemistry, as well as the importance of iron speciation on its involvement in the reactions as supplementary cementitious material or alkali-activated materials, and the technical quality that can be achieved from sustainable Fe-rich cements. [Display omitted] •Fe-rich raw materials are available globally at a level appropriate for use in cement•Portland or sulfoaluminate cement clinker rich in iron offer low embodied CO2•Fe-rich supplementary cementitious materials (SCM) have minor impact on reaction products•Fe-rich alkali-activated materials (AAM) show important reaction product changes•Reactivity as SCM or in AAM depends on phase composition and speciation
ISSN:0008-8846
1873-3948
DOI:10.1016/j.cemconres.2022.106834