A simulator of optical coherent-state evolution in quantum key distribution systems

• Published in: Optical and quantum electronics 2022-11, Vol.54 (11), Article 689
• Main Authors: Caputo, Carlo, Simoni, Mario, Cirillo, Giovanni Amedeo, Turvani, Giovanna, Zamboni, Maurizio
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Bit error rate; Characterization and Evaluation of Materials; Communication networks; Computer Communication Networks; Eavesdropping; Electrical Engineering; Evolution; Hardware; Infrastructure; Lasers; Misalignment; Optical components; Optical Devices; Optics; Photon beams; Photonics; Photons; Physics; Physics and Astronomy; Polarization; Quantum cryptography; Qubits (quantum computing); Simulation
• ISSN: 0306-8919; 1572-817X
• DOI: 10.1007/s11082-022-04041-8

Quantum key distribution (QKD) is believed to represent a viable solution to achieve theoretically unconditionally secure key generation. However, the available optical systems for experimental QKD, based on photon transmission, are flawed by non-idealities that ultimately limit the achievable performance. Classical simulation of the optical hardware employed in these systems may take on a determining role in engineering future QKD networks. In this article, attempts for developing a QKD simulator based on low-computational-cost models of the employed hardware are presented. In particular, the simulation infrastructure targets polarization-based QKD setups with faint laser sources, whose behaviour can be described by semiclassical coherent states and Mean Photon Number (MPN) per beam. The effects of passive optical components on the photonic qubit evolution are described by Jones matrices, whose coefficients, for some commercial devices, are stored in an ad-hoc library. Realistic eavesdropping attacks and non-idealities, such as optical losses, fibre attenuation, polarization misalignment and limited efficiency of single-photon detectors, are also taken into account. The infrastructure allows the user to describe the desired QKD configuration and it provides in output the MPN at the receiver and two fiducial performance parameters: Quantum Bit Error Rate (QBER) and secure key rate. The comparison of the simulation results with experimental data in the state-of-the-art literature highlights that this work is a step forward towards the definition of compact models for the hardware-dependent simulation of quantum-assisted communication networks.