To learn or not to learn? Evaluating autonomous, adaptive, automated traders in cryptocurrencies financial bubbles

• Published in: Neural computing & applications 2022-12, Vol.34 (23), p.20715-20756
• Main Authors: Guarino, Alfonso, Grilli, Luca, Santoro, Domenico, Messina, Francesco, Zaccagnino, Rocco
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Algorithms; Artificial Intelligence; Artificial neural networks; Automation; Computational Biology/Bioinformatics; Computational Science and Engineering; Computer Science; Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery; Decision support systems; Digital currencies; Forecasting; Fuzzy logic; Image Processing and Computer Vision; Investments; Learning; Machine learning; Neural networks; Original Article; Prices; Probability and Statistics in Computer Science; Stock exchanges; Volatility
• ISSN: 0941-0643; 1433-3058
• DOI: 10.1007/s00521-022-07543-4

Financial bubbles represent a severe problem for investors. In particular, the cryptocurrency market has witnessed the bursting of different bubbles in the last decade, which in turn have had spillovers on all the markets and real economies of countries. These kinds of markets and their unique characteristics are of great interest to researchers. Generally, investors and financial operators study market trends to understand when bubbles might occur using technical analysis tools. Such tools, which have been historically used, resulted in being precious allies at the basis of more advanced systems. In this regard, different autonomous, adaptive and automated trading agents have been introduced in the literature to study several kinds of markets. Among these, we can distinguish between agents with Zero/Minimal Intelligence (ZI/MI) and Computational Intelligence (CI) -based agents. The first ones typically trade on the market without resorting to complex learning strategies; the second ones usually use (deep) reinforcement learning mechanisms. However, these trading agents have never been tested on the cryptocurrencies market and related financial bubbles, which are still mostly overlooked in the literature. It is unclear how these agents can make profits/losses before, during, and after a bubble to adjust their strategy and avoid critical situations. This paper compares a broad set of trading agents (between ZI/MI and CI ones) and evaluates them with well-known financial indicators (e.g., volatility, returns Sharpe ratio , drawdown, Sortino and Omega ratio ). Among the experiment’s outcomes, ZI/MI agents were more explainable than CI ones. Based on the results obtained above, we introduce GGSMZ , a trading agent relying on a neuro-fuzzy mechanism. The neuro-fuzzy system is able to learn from the trades performed by the agents adopted in the previous stage. GGSMZ ’s performances overcome those of other tested agents. We argue that GGSMZ could be used by investors as a decision support tool.