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The Power of Numbers: Base‐Ten Threshold Effects in Reported Revenue

ABSTRACT We show that managers have a propensity to disproportionately report total revenues just above base‐ten thresholds (e.g., 10 million, 30 million, 1 billion) and examine motives for and consequences of this behavior. Focusing on base‐ten thresholds in revenues is important because, despite b...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Contemporary accounting research 2022-10, Vol.39 (4), p.2903-2940
Main Authors: Stice, Derrald, Stice, Earl K., Stice, Han, Stice‐Lawrence, Lorien
Format: Article
Language:English
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Summary:ABSTRACT We show that managers have a propensity to disproportionately report total revenues just above base‐ten thresholds (e.g., 10 million, 30 million, 1 billion) and examine motives for and consequences of this behavior. Focusing on base‐ten thresholds in revenues is important because, despite being unusually prevalent in revenue targets set in executive compensation contracts, analyst forecasts, and management forecasts, they have not been previously explored. We also show that pressure to beat these targets provides one explanation for the base‐ten bias in reported revenues. However, these incentive effects do not offer a complete explanation because base‐ten threshold‐beating is observed even in the absence of these explicit targets. We further find that when firms beat a base‐ten threshold for the first time, they experience increases in news coverage, institutional ownership, liquidity, and analyst following, even after controlling for whether they have beaten other common benchmarks. These results suggest that managers also beat base‐ten thresholds in order to increase their firms' overall visibility. Overall, we show that a preference for base‐ten numbers, which have no inherent economic meaning, has a measurable effect on the actions of market participants. These results open the door to a new range of managerial targets previously unexplored. RÉSUMÉ Le pouvoir des nombres : les effets du seuil de numération en base dix dans les revenus déclarés Les auteurs démontrent que les gestionnaires ont une propension à déclarer de façon disproportionnée les revenus totaux se situant juste au‐dessus des seuils de numération en base dix (p. ex., dix‐millions, trente‐millions, un milliard) et examinent les motifs et les conséquences de ce comportement. Il est important de se pencher sur les seuils de numération en base dix dans les revenus, car bien qu'ils soient inhabituellement répandus dans les objectifs de revenus fixés dans les contrats de rémunération des dirigeants, les prévisions des analystes et les prévisions de la direction, ils n'ont pas été étudiés auparavant. Les auteurs montrent également que la pression exercée pour atteindre ces objectifs explique en partie le biais lié à la base dix dans les revenus déclarés. Cependant, ces effets incitatifs ne constituent pas une explication complète, car le dépassement du seuil de numération en base dix est observé même en l'absence de ces objectifs explicites. Les auteurs constatent également que lorsq
ISSN:0823-9150
1911-3846
DOI:10.1111/1911-3846.12799