Separation of Graphites and Cathode Materials from Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries Using Roasting–Froth Flotation

• Published in: Sustainability 2023-01, Vol.15 (1), p.30
• Main Authors: Zhang, Jie, Li, Jiapeng, Wang, Yu, Sun, Meijie, Wang, Lufan, Tu, Yanan
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Batteries; Cathodes; Climate change; Collectors; Decomposition reactions; Dosage; Efficiency; Electrode materials; Electrodes; Flotation; Food processing; Graphite; Lithium; Lithium-ion batteries; Metal fluorides; Metallurgy; Metals; Methyl isobutyl carbinol; Roasting; Separation; Solvents; Sustainability; Thermogravimetric analysis; X ray photoelectron spectroscopy
• ISSN: 2071-1050; 2071-1050
• DOI: 10.3390/su15010030

The separation of graphites and cathode materials from spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) is essential to close the loop of material used in LIBs. In this study, the roasting characteristics of the spent LIB materials are carefully analyzed, and the effects of roasting on the surface morphology and elemental chemical states of electrode materials are fully investigated by thermogravimetric analysis, SEM-EDS, and XPS to explore the roasting–flotation enhancement mechanism. Then, froth flotation is utilized to separate the graphites and cathode materials from the spent LIB materials. The optimal roasting temperature is determined by thermogravimetric analysis and the SEM-EDS analysis of the spent LIB materials. The results suggest that the organic binder can be effectively removed from the spent LIB materials at the roasting temperature of 500 °C, and there is almost no loss of graphite. The XPS results indicate that, in the process of roasting, the decomposition products of the organic binder can easily react with valuable metals (Ni, Co, and Mn) to produce corresponding metal fluoride. The flotation results of the spent LIB materials after roasting at the optimal conditions indicate that graphites and cathode materials can be efficiently recovered through roasting–froth flotation. When the dosage of kerosene is 200 g/t and the dosage of methyl isobutyl carbinol (MIBC) is 150 g/t, the cathode materials grade is 91.6% with a recovery of 92.6%, while the graphite grade is 84.6% with a recovery of 82.7%. The roasting–froth flotation method lays the foundation for the subsequent metallurgical process.