Engineering active lysostaphin variants that incorporate noncanonical amino acids and characterizing the effects of site‐specific PEGylation

• Published in: Biotechnology and bioengineering 2023-06, Vol.120 (6), p.1694-1701
• Main Authors: Batugal, Troy, Pendyala, Geetanjali, Tomasovic, Luke, Varner, Chad, Caplin, Jeremy D., Page, Alexander M., Davis, Michelle, Satola, Sarah W., García, Andrés J., Kane, Ravi S.
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Amino acids; Amino Acids - chemistry; antibiotic‐resistant bacteria; Biocompatibility; Biomaterials; Biomedical materials; Cell walls; Cycloaddition; Dynamic structural analysis; Handles; Humans; Hydrogels; lysins; Lysostaphin; Lysostaphin - pharmacology; Molecular weight; MRSA; noncanonical amino acid; Polyethylene glycol; Protein structure; Proteins; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus aureus - metabolism
• ISSN: 0006-3592; 1097-0290
• DOI: 10.1002/bit.28360

We describe a facile strategy to identify sites for the incorporation of noncanonical amino acids into lysostaphin—an enzyme that degrades the cell wall of Staphylococcus aureus—while retaining stapholytic activity. We used this strategy to generate active variants of lysostaphin incorporating para‐azidophenylalanine. The incorporation of this “reactive handle” enabled the orthogonal site‐specific modification of the enzyme variants with polyethylene glycol (PEG) using copper‐free click cycloaddition. PEGylated lysostaphin variants could retain their stapholytic activity, with the extent of retention depending on the site of modification and the PEG molecular weight. The site‐specific modification of lysostaphin could be useful not only for PEGylation to improve biocompatibility but also for the incorporation of the enzyme into hydrogels and other biomaterials and for studies of protein structure and dynamics. Moreover, the approach described herein could be readily applied to identify suitable sites for the incorporation of reactive handles into other proteins of interest. The authors demonstrated a strategy to generate enzymatically active variants of lysostaphin incorporating a non‐canonical amino acid, enabling the introduction of reactive handles at different locations on the enzyme surface. Judicious selection of the modification site enabled the generation of PEGylated derivatives of lysostaphin that retained stapholytic activity.