Hardware‐in‐the‐loop validation of an adaptive model predictive control on a connected and automated vehicle

• Published in: International journal of adaptive control and signal processing 2023-06, Vol.37 (6), p.1459-1491
• Main Authors: Landolfi, Enrico, Salvi, Alessandro, Troiano, Alfredo, Natale, Ciro
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Adaptive control; adaptive MPC; ADAS; Advanced driver assistance systems; Automation; autonomous driving; Bicycles; connected and automated vehicles; Dynamic models; Hardware-in-the-loop simulation; hardware‐in‐the‐loop; Internet of Things; Microprocessors; Predictive control; real‐time MPC; Roads & highways; Robustness; Smart roads; Traffic safety; Vehicles; Weather; Wind speed
• ISSN: 0890-6327; 1099-1115
• DOI: 10.1002/acs.3583

Summary Connected and automated vehicles will characterize the future of the mobility, featured by Smart Roads and Internet of Things technologies. Vehicles will behave as mobile nodes of a network enabling communication between them and with respect to the road infrastructure. In order to provide advanced driver assistance and automated driving along a Smart Road, control strategies need to take into account both parametric variations due to environmental and/or weather conditions (e.g., wind speed, presence of ice, and/or rain), and constraints related to road safety and vehicular traffic. For this reason, advanced adaptive control strategies result particularly suitable to provide a complete control of the vehicle. This article proposes an extension to a previous conference paper, concerning a Processor in the Loop testing of an Adaptive Model Predictive Control for coupled longitudinal/lateral vehicle dynamics, where the ego vehicle was simulated through a bicycle model. In the present work, a low‐cost real‐time Hardware In the Loop test bench, featured by Raspberry boards, is used to verify the control strategy in a way closer to a real application. A four‐wheel vehicle dynamic model is considered to simulate the ego vehicle, then robustness and sensitivity tests with respect to parametric variations related to road friction, wind speed and vehicle mass, and a comparison with an existing adaptive MPC are performed. The achieved results show good robustness properties, safety performances and confirm the real‐time execution of the control strategy, paving the way for future developments, where the goal will be the testing in a real road scenario by using an IoT gateway purposefully designed by the NetCom company.