Electrochemical evaluation of magnetic reduced graphene oxide nanosheet‐modified glassy carbon electrode on dopamine electrochemical sensor for Parkinson's diagnostic application

• Published in: Journal of the Chinese Chemical Society (Taipei) 2023-08, Vol.70 (8), p.1665-1682
• Main Authors: Hardiansyah, Andri, Saputra, Gardin Muhammad Andika, Hikmat, Hikmat, Kusfarida, Yuniar Elfira, Septiani, Ni Luh Wulan, Randy, Ahmad, Hermawan, Angga, Yuliarto, Brian, Liu, Ting‐Yu, Kida, Tetsuya
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Acetylene; Catecholamine; Chemical sensors; Deionization; Dopamine; Electrocatalysts; Electrochemical analysis; electrochemical sensor; Electrodes; Electrons; Functional groups; Glassy carbon; Graphene; Iron oxides; magnetite; Nanosheets; Neurological diseases; Parkinson's disease; Physical work; Reagents; reduced graphene oxide; Schizophrenia; Signal transmission; Uric acid
• ISSN: 0009-4536; 2192-6549
• DOI: 10.1002/jccs.202300197

Background Dopamine is an important catecholamine neurotransmitter that plays a critical function as a chemical messenger that aids in the signal transmission in the brain and other important places. Dopamine is known to play an important role in several neurological diseases such as schizophrenia and Parkinson's disease in which a key factor in the development of Parkinson's disease is abnormally lower levels of dopamine compared to normal levels. However, these methods are expensive, requires manual labor and resources, and demands large number of reagents and chemicals. Therefore, it is essential to develop dopamine detection methods that are less costly, more stable, and easier to perform. Objective To develop a magnetic reduced graphene oxide (MRGO) nanosheet‐modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE) for the electrochemical detection of dopamine. Methods Magnetic reduced graphene oxide (MRGO) nanosheet were prepared by the in situ coprecipitation of Fe3+ and Fe2+ in the GO solution. To prepare the MRGO nanosheet ink, 38 mg of MRGO nanosheet was mixed with 2 mg of acetylene black and 80 μL of Nafion solution (5%). The mixture was then mixed with 210 μL of deionized water and 210 μL of 2‐propanol and subjected to ultrasonication for 120 min using a sonicator to obtain a homogenous MRGO nanosheet ink. Furthermore, 3 μL of MRGO ink was dripped onto the surface of the GCE. Results MRGO consists of graphene layered tethered with the spherical Fe3O4. The oxygen‐based functional groups on the surface of MRGO could act as chemically active sites for the attachment of dopamine. The MRGO nanosheet has been proven to be an effective GCE modifier with a remarkable electroactive surface area of approximately 0.0104 cm2, demonstrating stable and sensitive electrochemical performance towards dopamine. Conclusions The MRGO nanosheets‐modified GCE presented a great potential as an electrocatalyst for dopamine detection, especially in the presence of interfering compounds like uric acid. By effectively discriminating dopamine and uric acid, MRGO nanosheets‐modified GCE have demonstrated a sensitive, stable, and specific electrochemical performance. This remarkable result underlines the immense potential of MRGO nanosheets‐modified GCE for real‐world applications, particularly in the medical field, where the ability to detect dopamine precisely and accurately is critical. Magnetic reduced graphene oxide (MRGO) consists of graphene layer tethered with the spherical Fe3O4. Th