Toward Wheat Straw Valorization by Its Downsizing to Five Types of Cellulose Nanomaterials and Nanopapers Thereof

Five types of cellulose nanomaterials including partially dissolved cellulose nanofiber (PD-CNF), cellulose nanocrystal (CNC), TEMPO oxidized cellulose nanofiber (TCNF), lignocellulose nanofiber (LCNF) and mechanical cellulose nanofiber (CNF) and their corresponding nanopapers were produced and char...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Waste and biomass valorization 2023-09, Vol.14 (9), p.2885-2896
Main Authors: Ghalehno, Mohammad Dahmardeh, Yousefi, Hossein
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Bleaching
Cellulose
Cellulose fibers
Crystallinity
Crystallites
Crystals
Downsizing
Engineering
Environment
Environmental Engineering/Biotechnology
Industrial Pollution Prevention
Lignocellulose
Mechanical properties
Modulus of elasticity
Nanocrystals
Nanofibers
Nanomaterials
Nanotechnology
Original Paper
Raw materials
Renewable and Green Energy
Straw
Surface chemistry
Tensile strength
Thermal stability
Waste Management/Waste Technology
Wheat
Wheat straw
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Summary:Five types of cellulose nanomaterials including partially dissolved cellulose nanofiber (PD-CNF), cellulose nanocrystal (CNC), TEMPO oxidized cellulose nanofiber (TCNF), lignocellulose nanofiber (LCNF) and mechanical cellulose nanofiber (CNF) and their corresponding nanopapers were produced and characterized from wheat straw to valorize it. The role of cellulose ultra-structure and nano-gaps available between cellulose nanomaterials were discussed in the different downsizing mechanisms. Bleached cellulose fibers (CF) of wheat straw and paper thereof were also made and used as control samples. FE-SEM confirmed that TCNF and PD-CNF presented the thinnest nanofibers (8 ± 4 nm) and the thickest one (55 ± 12 nm), respectively. The nanopaper made from PD-CNF showed the highest transparency (82% at wavelength of 800 nm), while CF paper showed the lowest one (0.5%). XRD curve of PD-CNF was completely different from those of the other specimens. PD-CNF had the lowest crystallinity (48%) and crystallite size (3.9), while CNC and CF showed the highest crystallinity (83%) and crystallite size (5.4 nm), respectively. FTIR confirmed that the surface chemistry of prepared nanocelluloses were somehow different. TGA confirmed that TCNF and CF had the lowest thermal stability (225 °C) and the highest one (272 °C), respectively. The highest tensile strength (218 MPa), Young’s modulus (14.3 GPa) and strain at break (7.5%) were seen for nanopaper made from PD-CNF. Wheat straw as very cheap and abundant raw material was valorized to valuable and versatile cellulose nanostructures and nanopapers. Graphical Abstract
ISSN:1877-2641
1877-265X
DOI:10.1007/s12649-023-02031-9