CA-Net: A Novel Cascaded Attention-Based Network for Multistage Glaucoma Classification Using Fundus Images

• Published in: IEEE transactions on instrumentation and measurement 2023, Vol.72, p.1-10
• Main Authors: Das, Dipankar, Nayak, Deepak Ranjan, Pachori, Ram Bilas
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Ablation; Availability; CA-Net; cascaded attention module (CAM); Computer networks; Convolutional neural networks; Datasets; Eye diseases; Feature extraction; fundus image; Glaucoma; Image classification; Intraocular pressure; multistage glaucoma classification; Optical imaging; Optical variables measurement; Retina; Task analysis; triplet channel attention
• ISSN: 0018-9456; 1557-9662
• DOI: 10.1109/TIM.2023.3322499

Glaucoma is a common eye disease that causes optic nerve damage due to high intraocular pressure and eventually results in partial or permanent blindness if not detected timely. Hence, it is of utmost importance to detect glaucoma at an early stage for a better treatment plan. Recent years have witnessed significant efforts toward developing automated glaucoma classification methods using retinal fundus images. However, limited approaches have yet been explored for the detection of multiple stages of glaucoma. This is mainly due to the unavailability of large annotated datasets. Further, the presence of high interclass similarities, subtle lesion size variations, and redundant features in the fundus images make the task more challenging. To address these issues, in this article, we propose a novel cascaded attention-based network called CA-Net for efficient multistage glaucoma classification. A cascaded attention module (CAM) consisting of a triplet channel attention block (TCAB) and a spatial attention block (SAB) is introduced on the top of a backbone network to learn feature dependencies along the channel, cross-channel, and spatial dimensions. The CAM helps in learning rich discriminative features from the key regions of the fundus image, thereby, improving performance. Also, we establish a large multistage glaucoma (LMG) dataset and a binary glaucoma dataset, which contain 1582 and 623 fundus images, respectively. The experimental results on these datasets along with a publicly available dataset, show the superiority of our CA-Net over state-of-the-art (SOTA) methods. The Grad-CAM and Grad-CAM++ visualization results provide more insight into the performance of our proposed attention. Further, ablation studies are conducted to verify the effectiveness of each component of CA-Net.