Non‐native mammals are weak candidates to substitute ecological function of native avian seed dispersers in an island ecosystem

• Published in: Biotropica 2023-11, Vol.55 (6), p.1148-1158
• Main Authors: Gawel, Ann Marie, Fricke, Evan, Colton, Andrea, Rogers, Haldre S.
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Boiga irregularis; Dispersion; Ecological effects; Ecological function; Feeding trials; Frugivores; Fruits; Germination; Indigenous plants; Indigenous species; Interspecific relationships; Introduced species; Invasive plants; Invasive species; Mammals; Native organisms; Nonnative species; Plant species; Predation; Predators; Rats; Rattus; Seed dispersal; Seeds; Snakes; Survival; Sus scrofa; Swine
• ISSN: 0006-3606; 1744-7429
• DOI: 10.1111/btp.13261

Although prominent examples exist of non‐native species causing substantial ecological harm, many have neutral or positive effects, including filling surrogate roles once performed by extinct native organisms. We tested the ecological roles of two non‐native mammals as seed dispersers or seed predators in Guåhan, which, due to invasive brown tree snakes ( Boiga irregularis ), is devoid of native seed dispersers–birds and bats. We conducted feeding trials with captive rats ( Rattus spp.), which are present but uncommon due to predation by snakes, and pigs ( Sus scrofa ), which are abundant. We examined if and how they interacted with common forest fruits. We then compared how any gut‐passed or animal‐handled seeds germinated compared to seeds left in whole fruit or depulped seeds. Rats and pigs interacted with most of the fruits and seeds (>80%) that they were fed. Of those, most seeds were destroyed—78% for rats and 90% for pigs, across both native and non‐native plant species. Compared to seeds germinating within whole fruits, rats improved germination of the seeds that they handled without ingesting, while pigs diminished the germination of seeds that they handled. The small percentage of seeds (approximately 1.5% for rats and 5% for pigs) that survived gut passage germinated in higher proportions than those in whole fruits. Percentages of seed survival to germination are lower than found in similar studies with native avian frugivores. Our results indicate that pigs and rats have mixed effects on seeds, but are not suitable surrogates for native seed dispersers.