Prevention of particle agglomeration in sol–gel synthesis of TiO2 nanoparticles via addition of surfactant

Three surfactants, namely, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), and polyethylene glycol (PEG), were used to prevent particle agglomeration in TiO 2 nanoparticle synthesis. The nanoparticles were produced using the sol–gel and ball milling (dry–wet–dry) techniques. Str...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Journal of nanoparticle research : an interdisciplinary forum for nanoscale science and technology 2024-03, Vol.26 (3), p.45, Article 45
Main Authors: Rachmaniar, Safira, Nugraha, Dhafi Alvian, Santjojo, Dionysius J. D. H., Tjahjanto, Rachmat T., Mufti, Nandang, Masruroh
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Agglomeration
Anatase
Ball milling
Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide
Characterization and Evaluation of Materials
Chemistry and Materials Science
Comminution
Hydrolysis
Inorganic Chemistry
Lasers
Materials Science
Morphology
Nanoparticles
Nanotechnology
Optical Devices
Optics
Photonics
Physical Chemistry
Polyethylene glycol
Prevention
Research Paper
Rutile
Scanning electron microscopy
Size effects
Size reduction
Sodium dodecyl sulfate
Sodium lauryl sulfate
Sol-gel processes
Surfactants
Synthesis
Titanium dioxide
Transmission electron microscopy
X-ray diffraction
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Summary:Three surfactants, namely, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), and polyethylene glycol (PEG), were used to prevent particle agglomeration in TiO 2 nanoparticle synthesis. The nanoparticles were produced using the sol–gel and ball milling (dry–wet–dry) techniques. Structural and morphological analyses were performed via X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to explain the effect of the surfactants on TiO 2 nanoparticle agglomeration and particle size reduction. XRD results showed that the crystal structures of non-surfactant had pure anatase, whereas those obtained using PEG (sample PEG-TiO 2 ), SDS (sample SDS-TiO 2 ), and CTAB (sample CTAB-TiO 2 ) had a rutile phase. SEM morphological results showed that the use of these surfactants could prevent agglomeration. TEM analysis results showed that PEG-TiO 2 , SDS-TiO 2 , and CTAB-TiO 2 had smaller particles than those synthesized without surfactants. Particle analysis showed that the particle sizes were in the following order: CTAB-TiO 2  
ISSN:1388-0764
1572-896X
DOI:10.1007/s11051-024-05943-2