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Prevention of particle agglomeration in sol–gel synthesis of TiO2 nanoparticles via addition of surfactant
Three surfactants, namely, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), and polyethylene glycol (PEG), were used to prevent particle agglomeration in TiO 2 nanoparticle synthesis. The nanoparticles were produced using the sol–gel and ball milling (dry–wet–dry) techniques. Str...
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| Published in: | Journal of nanoparticle research : an interdisciplinary forum for nanoscale science and technology 2024-03, Vol.26 (3), p.45, Article 45 |
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| container_title | Journal of nanoparticle research : an interdisciplinary forum for nanoscale science and technology |
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| creator | Rachmaniar, Safira Nugraha, Dhafi Alvian Santjojo, Dionysius J. D. H. Tjahjanto, Rachmat T. Mufti, Nandang Masruroh |
| description | Three surfactants, namely, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), and polyethylene glycol (PEG), were used to prevent particle agglomeration in TiO
2
nanoparticle synthesis. The nanoparticles were produced using the sol–gel and ball milling (dry–wet–dry) techniques. Structural and morphological analyses were performed via X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to explain the effect of the surfactants on TiO
2
nanoparticle agglomeration and particle size reduction. XRD results showed that the crystal structures of non-surfactant had pure anatase, whereas those obtained using PEG (sample PEG-TiO
2
), SDS (sample SDS-TiO
2
), and CTAB (sample CTAB-TiO
2
) had a rutile phase. SEM morphological results showed that the use of these surfactants could prevent agglomeration. TEM analysis results showed that PEG-TiO
2
, SDS-TiO
2
, and CTAB-TiO
2
had smaller particles than those synthesized without surfactants. Particle analysis showed that the particle sizes were in the following order: CTAB-TiO
2
|
| doi_str_mv | 10.1007/s11051-024-05943-2 |
| format | article |
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2
nanoparticle synthesis. The nanoparticles were produced using the sol–gel and ball milling (dry–wet–dry) techniques. Structural and morphological analyses were performed via X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to explain the effect of the surfactants on TiO
2
nanoparticle agglomeration and particle size reduction. XRD results showed that the crystal structures of non-surfactant had pure anatase, whereas those obtained using PEG (sample PEG-TiO
2
), SDS (sample SDS-TiO
2
), and CTAB (sample CTAB-TiO
2
) had a rutile phase. SEM morphological results showed that the use of these surfactants could prevent agglomeration. TEM analysis results showed that PEG-TiO
2
, SDS-TiO
2
, and CTAB-TiO
2
had smaller particles than those synthesized without surfactants. Particle analysis showed that the particle sizes were in the following order: CTAB-TiO
2
< SDS-TiO
2
< PEG-TiO
2
. The use of CTAB resulted in the most significant change. The formation of the rutile phase and agglomeration reduction with the use of CTAB was due to the faster hydrolysis process (compared with the hydrolysis processes with the use of the other surfactants) and a quantum size effect. The details of the hydrolysis mechanism and agglomeration prevention are also discussed.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1388-0764</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1572-896X</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1007/s11051-024-05943-2</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands</publisher><subject>Agglomeration ; Anatase ; Ball milling ; Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide ; Characterization and Evaluation of Materials ; Chemistry and Materials Science ; Comminution ; Hydrolysis ; Inorganic Chemistry ; Lasers ; Materials Science ; Morphology ; Nanoparticles ; Nanotechnology ; Optical Devices ; Optics ; Photonics ; Physical Chemistry ; Polyethylene glycol ; Prevention ; Research Paper ; Rutile ; Scanning electron microscopy ; Size effects ; Size reduction ; Sodium dodecyl sulfate ; Sodium lauryl sulfate ; Sol-gel processes ; Surfactants ; Synthesis ; Titanium dioxide ; Transmission electron microscopy ; X-ray diffraction</subject><ispartof>Journal of nanoparticle research : an interdisciplinary forum for nanoscale science and technology, 2024-03, Vol.26 (3), p.45, Article 45</ispartof><rights>The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V. 2024. Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.</rights><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c319t-5a07397af89d9aeeca9b626555b0bfef08161512ddfe9346630d6e7e1a4e5dc23</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c319t-5a07397af89d9aeeca9b626555b0bfef08161512ddfe9346630d6e7e1a4e5dc23</cites><orcidid>0000-0003-3321-2416 ; 0000-0002-8260-8495 ; 0000-0003-2360-7967 ; 0000-0003-0335-0068</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><link.rule.ids>314,777,781,27905,27906</link.rule.ids></links><search><creatorcontrib>Rachmaniar, Safira</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Nugraha, Dhafi Alvian</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Santjojo, Dionysius J. D. H.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Tjahjanto, Rachmat T.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Mufti, Nandang</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Masruroh</creatorcontrib><title>Prevention of particle agglomeration in sol–gel synthesis of TiO2 nanoparticles via addition of surfactant</title><title>Journal of nanoparticle research : an interdisciplinary forum for nanoscale science and technology</title><addtitle>J Nanopart Res</addtitle><description>Three surfactants, namely, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), and polyethylene glycol (PEG), were used to prevent particle agglomeration in TiO
2
nanoparticle synthesis. The nanoparticles were produced using the sol–gel and ball milling (dry–wet–dry) techniques. Structural and morphological analyses were performed via X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to explain the effect of the surfactants on TiO
2
nanoparticle agglomeration and particle size reduction. XRD results showed that the crystal structures of non-surfactant had pure anatase, whereas those obtained using PEG (sample PEG-TiO
2
), SDS (sample SDS-TiO
2
), and CTAB (sample CTAB-TiO
2
) had a rutile phase. SEM morphological results showed that the use of these surfactants could prevent agglomeration. TEM analysis results showed that PEG-TiO
2
, SDS-TiO
2
, and CTAB-TiO
2
had smaller particles than those synthesized without surfactants. Particle analysis showed that the particle sizes were in the following order: CTAB-TiO
2
< SDS-TiO
2
< PEG-TiO
2
. The use of CTAB resulted in the most significant change. The formation of the rutile phase and agglomeration reduction with the use of CTAB was due to the faster hydrolysis process (compared with the hydrolysis processes with the use of the other surfactants) and a quantum size effect. The details of the hydrolysis mechanism and agglomeration prevention are also discussed.</description><subject>Agglomeration</subject><subject>Anatase</subject><subject>Ball milling</subject><subject>Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide</subject><subject>Characterization and Evaluation of Materials</subject><subject>Chemistry and Materials Science</subject><subject>Comminution</subject><subject>Hydrolysis</subject><subject>Inorganic Chemistry</subject><subject>Lasers</subject><subject>Materials Science</subject><subject>Morphology</subject><subject>Nanoparticles</subject><subject>Nanotechnology</subject><subject>Optical Devices</subject><subject>Optics</subject><subject>Photonics</subject><subject>Physical Chemistry</subject><subject>Polyethylene glycol</subject><subject>Prevention</subject><subject>Research Paper</subject><subject>Rutile</subject><subject>Scanning electron microscopy</subject><subject>Size effects</subject><subject>Size reduction</subject><subject>Sodium dodecyl sulfate</subject><subject>Sodium lauryl sulfate</subject><subject>Sol-gel processes</subject><subject>Surfactants</subject><subject>Synthesis</subject><subject>Titanium dioxide</subject><subject>Transmission electron microscopy</subject><subject>X-ray diffraction</subject><issn>1388-0764</issn><issn>1572-896X</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2024</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><recordid>eNp9kMtKAzEUhoMoWKsv4GrAdTSXSTJZSvEGhbqo4C6kMydjyjRTk2mhO9_BN_RJnDoWd67OgfN__4EPoUtKrikh6iZRSgTFhOWYCJ1zzI7QiArFcKHl63G_86LARMn8FJ2ltCSESqbZCDXPEbYQOt-GrHXZ2sbOlw1ktq6bdgXR_lx8yFLbfH181tBkaRe6N0g-7YG5n7Es2NAeyJRtvc1sVflDZ9pEZ8vOhu4cnTjbJLj4nWP0cn83nzzi6ezhaXI7xSWnusPCEsW1sq7QlbYApdULyaQQYkEWDhwpqKSCsqpyoHkuJSeVBAXU5iCqkvExuhp617F930DqzLLdxNC_NExzWigilexTbEiVsU0pgjPr6Fc27gwlZm_VDFZNb9X8WDX7aj5AqQ-HGuJf9T_UN7lyfVM</recordid><startdate>20240301</startdate><enddate>20240301</enddate><creator>Rachmaniar, Safira</creator><creator>Nugraha, Dhafi Alvian</creator><creator>Santjojo, Dionysius J. D. H.</creator><creator>Tjahjanto, Rachmat T.</creator><creator>Mufti, Nandang</creator><creator>Masruroh</creator><general>Springer Netherlands</general><general>Springer Nature B.V</general><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7QO</scope><scope>7SR</scope><scope>7TB</scope><scope>7U5</scope><scope>7U7</scope><scope>8BQ</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>F28</scope><scope>FR3</scope><scope>JG9</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>L7M</scope><scope>P64</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3321-2416</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8260-8495</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2360-7967</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0335-0068</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>20240301</creationdate><title>Prevention of particle agglomeration in sol–gel synthesis of TiO2 nanoparticles via addition of surfactant</title><author>Rachmaniar, Safira ; Nugraha, Dhafi Alvian ; Santjojo, Dionysius J. D. 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nanoparticle synthesis. The nanoparticles were produced using the sol–gel and ball milling (dry–wet–dry) techniques. Structural and morphological analyses were performed via X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to explain the effect of the surfactants on TiO
2
nanoparticle agglomeration and particle size reduction. XRD results showed that the crystal structures of non-surfactant had pure anatase, whereas those obtained using PEG (sample PEG-TiO
2
), SDS (sample SDS-TiO
2
), and CTAB (sample CTAB-TiO
2
) had a rutile phase. SEM morphological results showed that the use of these surfactants could prevent agglomeration. TEM analysis results showed that PEG-TiO
2
, SDS-TiO
2
, and CTAB-TiO
2
had smaller particles than those synthesized without surfactants. Particle analysis showed that the particle sizes were in the following order: CTAB-TiO
2
< SDS-TiO
2
< PEG-TiO
2
. The use of CTAB resulted in the most significant change. The formation of the rutile phase and agglomeration reduction with the use of CTAB was due to the faster hydrolysis process (compared with the hydrolysis processes with the use of the other surfactants) and a quantum size effect. The details of the hydrolysis mechanism and agglomeration prevention are also discussed.</abstract><cop>Dordrecht</cop><pub>Springer Netherlands</pub><doi>10.1007/s11051-024-05943-2</doi><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3321-2416</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8260-8495</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2360-7967</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0335-0068</orcidid></addata></record> |
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| ispartof | Journal of nanoparticle research : an interdisciplinary forum for nanoscale science and technology, 2024-03, Vol.26 (3), p.45, Article 45 |
| issn | 1388-0764 1572-896X |
| language | eng |
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| source | Springer Nature |
| subjects | Agglomeration Anatase Ball milling Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide Characterization and Evaluation of Materials Chemistry and Materials Science Comminution Hydrolysis Inorganic Chemistry Lasers Materials Science Morphology Nanoparticles Nanotechnology Optical Devices Optics Photonics Physical Chemistry Polyethylene glycol Prevention Research Paper Rutile Scanning electron microscopy Size effects Size reduction Sodium dodecyl sulfate Sodium lauryl sulfate Sol-gel processes Surfactants Synthesis Titanium dioxide Transmission electron microscopy X-ray diffraction |
| title | Prevention of particle agglomeration in sol–gel synthesis of TiO2 nanoparticles via addition of surfactant |
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