Time-Domain Speech Super-Resolution With GAN Based Modeling for Telephony Speaker Verification

• Published in: IEEE/ACM transactions on audio, speech, and language processing speech, and language processing, 2024, Vol.32, p.1736-1749
• Main Authors: Kataria, Saurabh, Villalba, Jesus, Moro-Velazquez, Laureano, Zelasko, Piotr, Dehak, Najim
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Artificial intelligence; Bandwidth extension; Bandwidths; Broadband; conditional GAN; CycleGAN; Data augmentation; Generative adversarial networks; Hidden Markov models; Microprocessors; Narrowband; perceptual quality; score distribution; speaker verification; Task analysis; Telephony; Testing time; Time domain analysis; Training; Verification; Wideband
• ISSN: 2329-9290; 2329-9304
• DOI: 10.1109/TASLP.2024.3369536

Automatic Speaker Verification(ASV) technology has become commonplace in virtual assistants. However, its performance suffers when there is a mismatch between the train and test domains. Mixed bandwidth training, i.e., pooling training data from both domains, is a preferred choice for developing a universal model that works for both narrowband and wideband domains. We propose complementing this technique by performing neural upsampling of narrowband signals, also known as bandwidth extension. We aim to discover and analyze high-performing time-domain Generative Adversarial Network (GAN) based models to improve our downstream state-of-the-art ASV system. We choose GANs since they 1) are powerful for learning conditional distribution and 2) allow flexible plug-in usage as a pre-processor during the training of downstream tasks (ASV) with data augmentation. Prior work mainly focused on feature-domain bandwidth extension and limited experimental setups. We address these limitations by 1) using time-domain extension models, 2) reporting results on three real test sets, 3) extending training data, and 4) devising new test-time schemes. We compare supervised (conditional GAN) and unsupervised GANs (CycleGAN) and demonstrate an average relative improvement in the equal error rate of 8.6% and 7.7%, respectively. For further analysis, we study changes in the visual quality of the spectrogram, audio perceptual quality, t-SNE embeddings, and ASV score distributions. We show that our bandwidth extension leads to phenomena such as a shift of telephone (test) embeddings towards wideband (train) signals, a negative correlation of perceptual quality with downstream performance, and condition-independent score calibration.