Effect of lead on some clinical and immunological variables for gasoline station workers and cigarette smokers in Ramadi, Iraq

• Main Authors: Rasheed, Yousry Sadoon, Al-Janaby, Mohammed Salih, Ahmed, Mohammed Mukhles, Houmady, Hanan Yousif
• Format: Conference Proceeding
• Language: English
• Subjects: Cigarettes; Creatine; Enzymes; Heavy elements; Immunology; Lead; Liver; Service stations; Smoking; Ureas
• ISSN: 0094-243X; 1551-7616
• DOI: 10.1063/5.0209549

Lead is one of the heavy elements that has a cumulative effect on human health in terms of physiology and immunity. In the current study, the lead concentrations in the blood of people divided into three groups: workers at gas stations, smokers, and healthy control samples. The mean of lead was the highest in the station workers and the lowest in the control sample with values were 0.267±0.042, and 0.176±0.056, respectively. The lead concentration had a significant difference between the studied groups. The concentration of urea was highest in workers of gas station and the lowest in the smokers. On other hand, the concentration of creatine was lowest in the sample of cigarette compared with healthy control. Liver enzymes recorded the highest concentration in the cigarette smokers compared with healthy control, with the exception of ALP, which was the lowest in the sample of gas station workers. All the aforementioned clinical variants had significant differences between the study groups, with the exception of the GOT enzyme, which had no significant differences. The concentration of C3 was the lowest in the sample of fuel, while C4 was the lowest in the sample of fuel workers compared with smokers. The concentration of IgM was highest in the cigarette smokers compared with smokers, while the concentration of IgG was lowest in the cigarette smokers. These mentioned variables have significant differences between the study groups, except for C4, which has no significant variance. Lead has a positive association with urea and liver enzymes, and a negative association with (C3, C4, IgM, and IgG) added to creatine.