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Fault Networks in Triaxial Tectonic Settings: Analog Modeling of Distributed Continental Extension With Lateral Shortening
Triaxial deformation is a general feature of continental tectonics, but its controls and the systematics of associated fault networks remain poorly understood. We present triaxial analog experiments mimicking crustal thinning resulting from distributed longitudinal extension and lateral shortening....
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| Published in: | Tectonics (Washington, D.C.) D.C.), 2024-05, Vol.43 (5), p.n/a |
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| container_title | Tectonics (Washington, D.C.) |
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| creator | Liu, Jun Rosenau, Matthias Brune, Sascha Kosari, Ehsan Rudolf, Michael Oncken, Onno |
| description | Triaxial deformation is a general feature of continental tectonics, but its controls and the systematics of associated fault networks remain poorly understood. We present triaxial analog experiments mimicking crustal thinning resulting from distributed longitudinal extension and lateral shortening. Contemporary longitudinal extension and lateral shortening are related by the principal horizontal strain ratio (PHSR). We investigate the effect of crustal geometry, rheology and strain rate on deformation localization, faulting regime and pattern, and PHSR in brittle and brittle‐viscous crustal‐scale models. We find that in brittle models the fault networks reflect the basal boundary condition and fault‐density scales inversely with brittle layer thickness. In brittle‐viscous models, as strain rate (ė) decreases, (a) Three fault patterns emerge: conjugate sets of strike‐slip faults (ė > 3 × 10−4 s−1, PHSR > 0.31), sets of parallel oblique normal faults (ė = 0.3–3 × 10−4 s−1, PHSR = 0.15–0.25), horst‐and‐graben system (ė |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1029/2023TC008127 |
| format | article |
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Key Points
We conduct analog models where basal forces induce distributed deformation of continental tectonics under a triaxial deformation field
Strain rate controls the strain localization and faulting regime via mechanical coupling between model upper crust, lower crust and mantle
We identify crustal geometry and rheology as factors controlling triaxial tectonics</description><identifier>ISSN: 0278-7407</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1944-9194</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1029/2023TC008127</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Washington: Blackwell Publishing Ltd</publisher><subject>analog modeling ; Boundary conditions ; Crustal thickness ; Deformation ; distributed deformation ; Fault lines ; fault networks ; Graben ; Localization ; principal horizontal strain ratio ; Rheology ; Scale models ; Strain ; Systematics ; Tectonics ; triaxial tectonics ; Upper mantle ; Viscosity</subject><ispartof>Tectonics (Washington, D.C.), 2024-05, Vol.43 (5), p.n/a</ispartof><rights>Wiley Periodicals LLC. The Authors.</rights><rights>Wiley Periodicals LLC. The Authors. This article is published under http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-a3259-12f6afe9447835fec8e8c2776c7cc6ea1d47153767744a6bb73175721ef972923</cites><orcidid>0000-0002-1052-4997 ; 0009-0003-2743-0940 ; 0000-0003-1134-5381 ; 0000-0002-2894-480X ; 0000-0003-4985-1810</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1029%2F2023TC008127$$EPDF$$P50$$Gwiley$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029%2F2023TC008127$$EHTML$$P50$$Gwiley$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,780,784,11513,27923,27924,46467,46891</link.rule.ids></links><search><creatorcontrib>Liu, Jun</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Rosenau, Matthias</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Brune, Sascha</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kosari, Ehsan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Rudolf, Michael</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Oncken, Onno</creatorcontrib><title>Fault Networks in Triaxial Tectonic Settings: Analog Modeling of Distributed Continental Extension With Lateral Shortening</title><title>Tectonics (Washington, D.C.)</title><description>Triaxial deformation is a general feature of continental tectonics, but its controls and the systematics of associated fault networks remain poorly understood. We present triaxial analog experiments mimicking crustal thinning resulting from distributed longitudinal extension and lateral shortening. Contemporary longitudinal extension and lateral shortening are related by the principal horizontal strain ratio (PHSR). We investigate the effect of crustal geometry, rheology and strain rate on deformation localization, faulting regime and pattern, and PHSR in brittle and brittle‐viscous crustal‐scale models. We find that in brittle models the fault networks reflect the basal boundary condition and fault‐density scales inversely with brittle layer thickness. In brittle‐viscous models, as strain rate (ė) decreases, (a) Three fault patterns emerge: conjugate sets of strike‐slip faults (ė > 3 × 10−4 s−1, PHSR > 0.31), sets of parallel oblique normal faults (ė = 0.3–3 × 10−4 s−1, PHSR = 0.15–0.25), horst‐and‐graben system (ė < 0.3 × 10−4 s−1, PHSR < 0.1). (b) The strain localization increases systematically and gradually. We interpret the strain rate dependent of faulting regimes to be controlled by vertical coupling between the model upper mantle and model upper crust resulting in spontaneous permutation of principal stress axes. Rate‐dependency of strain localization can be related to mechanical coupling between the upper and lower crust. We identify the following parameters controlling triaxial tectonic deformation: upper crustal thickness and friction coefficient, lower crustal thickness and viscosity, as well as strain rate. We test our models and predictions against natural prototypes (Tibet, Anatolia, Apennines, and Basin and Range Province) thus providing new perspectives on triaxial deformation.
Key Points
We conduct analog models where basal forces induce distributed deformation of continental tectonics under a triaxial deformation field
Strain rate controls the strain localization and faulting regime via mechanical coupling between model upper crust, lower crust and mantle
We identify crustal geometry and rheology as factors controlling triaxial tectonics</description><subject>analog modeling</subject><subject>Boundary conditions</subject><subject>Crustal thickness</subject><subject>Deformation</subject><subject>distributed deformation</subject><subject>Fault lines</subject><subject>fault networks</subject><subject>Graben</subject><subject>Localization</subject><subject>principal horizontal strain ratio</subject><subject>Rheology</subject><subject>Scale models</subject><subject>Strain</subject><subject>Systematics</subject><subject>Tectonics</subject><subject>triaxial tectonics</subject><subject>Upper mantle</subject><subject>Viscosity</subject><issn>0278-7407</issn><issn>1944-9194</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2024</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>24P</sourceid><recordid>eNp9kM1OwzAQhC0EEqVw4wEscSXgnySbcKtCC0gFDg3iGLnppnUJMdiO2vL0GJUDJy670uw3K80Qcs7ZFWcivxZMyLJgLOMCDsiA53Ec5WEekgETkEUQMzgmJ86tGeNxkqYD8jVRfevpE_qNsW-O6o6WVqutVi0tsfam0zWdofe6W7obOupUa5b00SywDQo1Db3Vzls97z0uaGG6AGLng3u89dg5bTr6qv2KTpVHG-TZythwCOZTctSo1uHZ7x6Sl8m4LO6j6fPdQzGaRkqKJI-4aFLVYMgCmUwarDPMagGQ1lDXKSq-iIEnElKAOFbpfA6SQwKCY5ODyIUckov93w9rPnt0vlqb3oYgrpIs5UwyYFmgLvdUbY1zFpvqw-p3ZXcVZ9VPu9XfdgMu9_hGt7j7l63KcVEKwXguvwHm3Xvc</recordid><startdate>202405</startdate><enddate>202405</enddate><creator>Liu, Jun</creator><creator>Rosenau, Matthias</creator><creator>Brune, Sascha</creator><creator>Kosari, Ehsan</creator><creator>Rudolf, Michael</creator><creator>Oncken, Onno</creator><general>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</general><scope>24P</scope><scope>WIN</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7TG</scope><scope>7TN</scope><scope>F1W</scope><scope>H96</scope><scope>KL.</scope><scope>L.G</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1052-4997</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0009-0003-2743-0940</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1134-5381</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2894-480X</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4985-1810</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>202405</creationdate><title>Fault Networks in Triaxial Tectonic Settings: Analog Modeling of Distributed Continental Extension With Lateral Shortening</title><author>Liu, Jun ; Rosenau, Matthias ; Brune, Sascha ; Kosari, Ehsan ; Rudolf, Michael ; Oncken, Onno</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-a3259-12f6afe9447835fec8e8c2776c7cc6ea1d47153767744a6bb73175721ef972923</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2024</creationdate><topic>analog modeling</topic><topic>Boundary conditions</topic><topic>Crustal thickness</topic><topic>Deformation</topic><topic>distributed deformation</topic><topic>Fault lines</topic><topic>fault networks</topic><topic>Graben</topic><topic>Localization</topic><topic>principal horizontal strain ratio</topic><topic>Rheology</topic><topic>Scale models</topic><topic>Strain</topic><topic>Systematics</topic><topic>Tectonics</topic><topic>triaxial tectonics</topic><topic>Upper mantle</topic><topic>Viscosity</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Liu, Jun</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Rosenau, Matthias</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Brune, Sascha</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kosari, Ehsan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Rudolf, Michael</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Oncken, Onno</creatorcontrib><collection>Wiley Online Library Open Access</collection><collection>Wiley-Blackwell Open Access Backfiles</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Meteorological & Geoastrophysical Abstracts</collection><collection>Oceanic Abstracts</collection><collection>ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts</collection><collection>Aquatic Science & Fisheries Abstracts (ASFA) 2: Ocean Technology, Policy & Non-Living Resources</collection><collection>Meteorological & Geoastrophysical Abstracts - Academic</collection><collection>Aquatic Science & Fisheries Abstracts (ASFA) Professional</collection><jtitle>Tectonics (Washington, D.C.)</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Liu, Jun</au><au>Rosenau, Matthias</au><au>Brune, Sascha</au><au>Kosari, Ehsan</au><au>Rudolf, Michael</au><au>Oncken, Onno</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Fault Networks in Triaxial Tectonic Settings: Analog Modeling of Distributed Continental Extension With Lateral Shortening</atitle><jtitle>Tectonics (Washington, D.C.)</jtitle><date>2024-05</date><risdate>2024</risdate><volume>43</volume><issue>5</issue><epage>n/a</epage><issn>0278-7407</issn><eissn>1944-9194</eissn><abstract>Triaxial deformation is a general feature of continental tectonics, but its controls and the systematics of associated fault networks remain poorly understood. We present triaxial analog experiments mimicking crustal thinning resulting from distributed longitudinal extension and lateral shortening. Contemporary longitudinal extension and lateral shortening are related by the principal horizontal strain ratio (PHSR). We investigate the effect of crustal geometry, rheology and strain rate on deformation localization, faulting regime and pattern, and PHSR in brittle and brittle‐viscous crustal‐scale models. We find that in brittle models the fault networks reflect the basal boundary condition and fault‐density scales inversely with brittle layer thickness. In brittle‐viscous models, as strain rate (ė) decreases, (a) Three fault patterns emerge: conjugate sets of strike‐slip faults (ė > 3 × 10−4 s−1, PHSR > 0.31), sets of parallel oblique normal faults (ė = 0.3–3 × 10−4 s−1, PHSR = 0.15–0.25), horst‐and‐graben system (ė < 0.3 × 10−4 s−1, PHSR < 0.1). (b) The strain localization increases systematically and gradually. We interpret the strain rate dependent of faulting regimes to be controlled by vertical coupling between the model upper mantle and model upper crust resulting in spontaneous permutation of principal stress axes. Rate‐dependency of strain localization can be related to mechanical coupling between the upper and lower crust. We identify the following parameters controlling triaxial tectonic deformation: upper crustal thickness and friction coefficient, lower crustal thickness and viscosity, as well as strain rate. We test our models and predictions against natural prototypes (Tibet, Anatolia, Apennines, and Basin and Range Province) thus providing new perspectives on triaxial deformation.
Key Points
We conduct analog models where basal forces induce distributed deformation of continental tectonics under a triaxial deformation field
Strain rate controls the strain localization and faulting regime via mechanical coupling between model upper crust, lower crust and mantle
We identify crustal geometry and rheology as factors controlling triaxial tectonics</abstract><cop>Washington</cop><pub>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</pub><doi>10.1029/2023TC008127</doi><tpages>22</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1052-4997</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0009-0003-2743-0940</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1134-5381</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2894-480X</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4985-1810</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| identifier | ISSN: 0278-7407 |
| ispartof | Tectonics (Washington, D.C.), 2024-05, Vol.43 (5), p.n/a |
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| source | Wiley; Wiley-Blackwell AGU Digital Library |
| subjects | analog modeling Boundary conditions Crustal thickness Deformation distributed deformation Fault lines fault networks Graben Localization principal horizontal strain ratio Rheology Scale models Strain Systematics Tectonics triaxial tectonics Upper mantle Viscosity |
| title | Fault Networks in Triaxial Tectonic Settings: Analog Modeling of Distributed Continental Extension With Lateral Shortening |
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