Physical phenomena for zero temperature limit

• Published in: Journal of the Korean Physical Society 2024-07, Vol.85 (2), p.129-137
• Main Authors: Kim, Heetae, Yu, Soon Jae
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Background noise; Black body radiation; Black holes; Evaporation rate; Mathematical and Computational Physics; Original Paper - Fluids; Particle and Nuclear Physics; Physics; Physics and Astronomy; Plasma and Phenomenology; Radiation; Radiation tolerance; Surface resistance; Temperature; Theoretical; Thermal diffusion; Thermal expansion; Thermal noise; Thermal radiation; Thermal resistance; Zero point energy
• ISSN: 0374-4884; 1976-8524
• DOI: 10.1007/s40042-024-01115-6

Physical phenomena at the zero temperature limit are studied in the field of accelerator physics. Experimental techniques have been developed to achieve temperatures approaching 0 K. As the universe expands, its background temperature continuously decreases. The energy density of thermal radiation is depicted as a function of temperature across different dimensions. In superconducting cavities, the surface resistance reduces to residual resistance at 0 K. The resistivity of various material types is presented in terms of temperature, and the thermal expansion of solid materials is also illustrated in terms of dimension. Blackbody radiation ceases at 0 K, along with thermal diffusion and thermal noise. However, quantum diffusion and zero-point noise persist at 0 K. With the exception of helium, all gases solidify at this temperature. Despite being at 0 K, zero-point energy still exists, and fundamental forces remain active. Moreover, black holes are expected to evaporate at 0 K, and the evaporation rate of black holes is calculated under these conditions.