The 21-cm bispectrum from neutral hydrogen islands at z < 6

• Published in: Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 2024-03, Vol.529 (1), p.129-140
• Main Authors: Raste, Janakee, Kulkarni, Girish, Watkinson, Catherine A, Keating, Laura C, Haehnelt, Martin G
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Astronomical models; Hydrogen; Ionization; Large scale structure of the universe; Normal distribution; Radiative transfer
• ISSN: 0035-8711; 1365-2966
• DOI: 10.1093/mnras/stae492

ABSTRACT Spatial variations in the Lyman-α forest opacity at z < 6 seem to require a late end to cosmic reionization. In this picture, the Universe contains neutral hydrogen ‘islands’ of up to 100 cMpc/h in extent down to redshifts as low as z ∼ 5.3. This delayed end to reionization also seems to be corroborated by various other observables. An implication of this scenario is that the power spectrum of the cosmological 21-cm signal at z < 6 is enhanced relative to conventional reionization models by orders of magnitude. However, these neutral hydrogen islands are also predicted to be at the locations of the deepest voids in the cosmological large-scale structure. As a result, the distribution of the 21-cm signal from them is highly non-Gaussian. We derive the 21-cm bispectrum signal from these regions using high-dynamic-range radiative transfer simulations of reionization. We find that relative to conventional models in which reionization is complete at z > 6, our model has a significantly larger value of the 21-cm bispectrum. The neutral islands also imprint a feature in the isosceles bispectrum at a characteristic scale of ∼1 cMpc−1. We also study the 21-cm bispectrum for general triangle configuration by defining a triangle index. It should be possible to detect the 21-cm bispectrum signal at ν ≳ 200 MHz using SKA1-LOW for 1080 h of observation, assuming optimistic foreground removal.