Food Consumption and Risk of Islet Autoimmunity and Type 1 Diabetes in Children at Increased Genetic Susceptibility for Type 1 Diabetes

• Published in: The Journal of nutrition 2024-11, Vol.154 (11), p.3465
• Main Authors: Virtanen, Suvi M, Peltonen, Essi J, Hakola, Leena, Niinistö, Sari, Takkinen, Hanna-Mari, Ahonen, Suvi, Åkerlund, Mari, Uusitalo, Ulla, Mattila, Markus, Salo, Tuuli Ei, Ilonen, Jorma, Toppari, Jorma, Veijola, Riitta, Knip, Mikael, Nevalainen, Jaakko
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Antibodies; Autoimmunity; Bayesian analysis; Biochemistry; Cereals; Children; Childrens health; Diabetes; Diabetes mellitus (insulin dependent); Diet; Energy intake; Fermented food; Fermented milk products; Food; Food consumption; Food groups; Food intake; Fruits; Genotypes; Gluten; Health risks; Histocompatibility antigen HLA; Mathematical models; Oats; Risk reduction; Vegetables
• ISSN: 0022-3166; 1541-6100
• DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2024.09.017

Background: Prospective longitudinal evidence considering the entire childhood food consumption in relation to the development of islet autoimmunity (IA or) type 1 diabetes is lacking. Objectives: We studied the associations of consumption of various foods and their combinations with IA and type 1 diabetes risk. Methods: Children with genetic susceptibility to type 1 diabetes born in 1996-2004 were followed from birth up to ≤6 y of age in the prospective birth cohort type 1 diabetes prediction and prevention study (n = 5674). Exposure variables included 34 food groups covering the entire diet based on repeated 3-d food records at ages 3 mo to 6 y. Endpoints were islet cell antibodies plus biochemical IA (n = 247), multiple biochemical IA (n = 206), and type 1 diabetes (n = 94). We analyzed associations between longitudinally observed foods and risk of IA/type 1 diabetes using a Bayesian approach to joint models in 1-food and multi-food models adjusted for energy intake, sex, human leukocyte antigen genotype, and familial diabetes. Results: The final multi-food model for islet cell antibodies plus biochemical IA included oats [hazard ratio (HR): 1.09; 95% credible interval (CI): 1.04, 1.14], banana (HR: 1.07; 95% CI: 1.03, 1.11), and cruciferous vegetables (HR: 0.83; 95% CI: 0.73, 0.94). The final model for multiple biochemical IA included, in addition to the above-mentioned foods, fermented dairy (HR: 1.42; 95% CI: 1.12, 1.78) and wheat (HR: 1.10; 95% CI: 1.03, 1.18). The final multi-food model for type 1 diabetes included rye (HR: 1.27; 95% CI: 1.07, 1.50), oats (HR: 1.15; 95% CI: 1.03, 1.26), fruits (HR: 1.05; 95% CI: 1.01, 1.09), and berries (HR: 0.67; 95% CI: 0.50, 0.93). Conclusions: Higher consumption of oats, gluten-containing cereals, and fruits was associated with increased that of cruciferous vegetables with decreased risk of several type 1 diabetes-related endpoints when considering all the foods in combination. Further etiological and mechanistic studies are warranted.