Nonequilibrium universality of the nonreciprocally coupled \(\mathbf{O(n_1) \times O(n_2)}\) model

• Published in: arXiv.org 2024-11
• Main Authors: Young, Jeremy T, Gorshkov, Alexey V, Maghrebi, Mohammad
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Correlation; Critical phenomena; Dissipation; Invariance; Order parameters; Oscillations; Phase diagrams; Scale invariance; Topology
• ISSN: 2331-8422

In this work, we investigate an important class of nonequilibrium dynamics in the form of nonreciprocal interactions. In particular, we study how nonreciprocal coupling between two \(O(n_i)\) order parameters (with \(i=1,2\)) affects the universality at a multicritical point, extending the analysis of [J.T. Young et al., Phys. Rev. X 10, 011039 (2020)], which considered the case \(n_1 = n_2 = 1\), i.e., a \(\mathbb{Z}_2 \times \mathbb{Z}_2\) model. We show that nonequilibrium fixed points (NEFPs) emerge for a broad range of \(n_1,n_2\) and exhibit intrinsically nonequilibrium critical phenomena, namely a violation of fluctuation-dissipation relations at all scales and underdamped oscillations near criticality in contrast to the overdamped relaxational dynamics of the corresponding equilibrium models. Furthermore, the NEFPs exhibit an emergent discrete scale invariance in certain physically-relevant regimes of \(n_1,n_2\), but not others, depending on whether the critical exponent \(\nu\) is real or complex. The boundary between these two regions is described by an exceptional point in the renormalization group (RG) flow, leading to distinctive features in correlation functions and the phase diagram. Another contrast with the previous work is the number and stability of the NEFPs as well as the underlying topology of the RG flow. Finally, we investigate an extreme form of nonreciprocity where one order parameter is independent of the other order parameter but not vice versa. Unlike the \(\mathbb{Z}_2 \times \mathbb{Z}_2\) model, which becomes non-perturbative in this case, we identify a distinct nonequilibrium universality class whose dependent field similarly violates fluctuation-dissipation relations but does not exhibit discrete scale invariance or underdamped oscillations near criticality.