Removal Triclosan in Wastewater by Green Synthesized Bio/nFe from Syzygium nervosum Leaf

• Published in: International Journal of Environmental Research 2025, Vol.19 (2)
• Main Authors: Lan, Phuong Dinh Thi, Loan, Dang Kieu, Quang, Nguyen Trong, Van Cong, Bui
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Adsorption; Charcoal; Chemical wastewater; Circular economy; Consumer products; Contaminants; Coordination; Earth and Environmental Science; Environment; Environmental Engineering/Biotechnology; Environmental Management; Geoecology/Natural Processes; High performance liquid chromatography; Hydrogen bonding; Hydrogen bonds; Infrared analysis; Infrared spectroscopy; Iron; Landscape/Regional and Urban Planning; Leaves; Liquid chromatography; Low cost; Nanoparticles; Natural Hazards; Polyphenols; Reducing agents; Research Paper; Rice; Scanning electron microscopy; Spectrometry; Stabilizers (agents); Synthesis; Syzygium nervosum; Toxic wastes; Triclosan; Wastewater; X-ray diffraction
• ISSN: 1735-6865; 2008-2304
• DOI: 10.1007/s41742-024-00711-5

Triclosan (TCS) is toxic to humans and is commonly found in personal care products, leading to its frequent occurrence in wastewater. Among various TCS removal methods, adsorption by biochar is an effective approach with low-cost that do not introduce harmful substances into the environment. To enhance the adsorption capacity of biochar from rice husk for triclosan (TCS) in wastewater, iron nanoparticles (Fe NPs) derived from Syzygium nervosum leaves were synthesized for the first time for treating TCS in a wastewater medium. Polyphenols from Syzygium nervosum leaves extract has role as the reducing agent and stabilizer for Fe NPs before coating the surface of biochar from rice husks to produce Bio/nFe material. Modern techniques, including scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy, energy dispersive spectrometry, and high-performance liquid chromatography (HLPC), confirmed that Fe NPs were successfully prepared and surrounded by polyphenol molecules. The removal of TCS from wastewater was analyzed by HPLC. The optimum removal efficiency reached about 78.14% after 20 min with a 5 mg L⁻ 1 TCS concentration at pH 5, a Bio/nFe dose of 10 mg L⁻ 1 , and a temperature of 30 °C. Adsorption of TCS mainly followed a pseudo-second-order kinetic model (R 2  = 0.99) at an optimum pH and temperature at 5 and 30 °C, respectively. Contaminant adsorption onto Bio/nFe was described by the Freundlich, Langmuir, and Temkin isotherms with R 2 (0.9982, 0.8894, 0.9809, respectively). This indicates that the model of Freundlich with highest R 2 correlation coefficien best describes the adsorption process. The adsorption mechanism of Bio/nFe with TCS involves coordination bonds, hydrogen bonds, and π-π interactions were proposed. These treatments indicate that producing an efficient Bio/nFe adsorbent in an environmentally friendly method for toward sustainable integrated circular economy solution for removing TCS from wastewater at low cost without waste being generated or the use of toxic chemicals. Graphical Abstract Highlights Green synthesized Fe nanoparticles (Fe NPs) were synthesized from Syzygium nervosum leaves. Green synthesized Bio/nFe from rice husk biochar and Fe NPs. Fe NPs and Bio/nFe were characterized by SEM, TEM, EDS, FTIR, and XDS. Adsorption mechanism involves coordination bonds, hydrogen bonds, and π-π interactions were proposed.