The impact of natural convection and turbulent mixing on mechanical ventilation

• Published in: Journal of fluid mechanics 2025-01, Vol.1002, Article A7
• Main Authors: Toy, Daniel A., Woods, Andrew W.
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Air; Air flow; Air recirculation; Cameras; Clean energy; Cleanrooms; Convection; Energy transfer; Experiments; Fluctuations; Fluid flow; Free convection; Fresh water; Heat sources; JFM Papers; Kinetic energy; Laboratory experimentation; Low level; Mechanical ventilation; Plumes; Steady state models; Stratification; Turbulent mixing; Ventilation
• ISSN: 0022-1120; 1469-7645
• DOI: 10.1017/jfm.2024.1112

We explore the interaction of natural convection and mechanical ventilation in a room where fresh air is supplied at low level and stale air is extracted at high level. Turbulent buoyant plumes rising from heat sources interact with this upward airflow and establish a steady-state stratification with a warm upper layer above a layer of the cold supply air. Adapting the volume balance model used in natural ventilation (Linden et al., J. Fluid Mech., vol. 212, 1990, pp. 309–335) leads to the prediction that the upper layer will vent from the room when the ventilation volume flux exceeds the volume flux in the plumes at the ceiling. However, our new laboratory experiments establish that there is still a stable two-layer stratification beyond this point of critical ventilation. Motivated by our observations, we propose that the kinetic energy flux supplied by the plume leads to turbulent mixing in the upper layer. We propose a new model of this mixing which is consistent with our experiments in both the over- and under-ventilated regimes. This has important implications for air recirculation in buildings with large ventilation flows, particularly hospital operating theatres and clean rooms.