Automated design of robust discriminant analysis classifier for foot pressure lesions using kinematic data

• Published in: IEEE transactions on biomedical engineering 2005-09, Vol.52 (9), p.1549-1562
• Main Authors: Goulermas, J.Y., Findlow, A.H., Nester, C.J., Howard, D., Bowker, P.
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Adult; Algorithm design and analysis; Algorithms; Artificial Intelligence; Biomechanical Phenomena - methods; Bootstrap; classification; Classification algorithms; Computer Simulation; Costs; Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted - methods; Discriminant Analysis; feature extraction/selection; Female; Foot; Foot - physiopathology; Foot Dermatoses - diagnosis; Foot Dermatoses - physiopathology; foot kinematics; Gait; genetic algorithm; Humans; hyperkeratosis; Keratoderma, Palmoplantar - diagnosis; Keratoderma, Palmoplantar - physiopathology; Kinematics; Leg - physiopathology; Lesions; Male; Middle Aged; Models, Biological; Motion analysis; Motion measurement; Pattern Recognition, Automated - methods; Pressure Ulcer - diagnosis; Pressure Ulcer - physiopathology; regularization; Reproducibility of Results; Robustness; Sensitivity and Specificity; Studies; Tracking
• ISSN: 0018-9294; 1558-2531
• DOI: 10.1109/TBME.2005.851519

In the recent years, the use of motion tracking systems for acquisition of functional biomechanical gait data, has received increasing interest due to the richness and accuracy of the measured kinematic information. However, costs frequently restrict the number of subjects employed, and this makes the dimensionality of the collected data far higher than the available samples. This paper applies discriminant analysis algorithms to the classification of patients with different types of foot lesions, in order to establish an association between foot motion and lesion formation. With primary attention to small sample size situations, we compare different types of Bayesian classifiers and evaluate their performance with various dimensionality reduction techniques for feature extraction, as well as search methods for selection of raw kinematic variables. Finally, we propose a novel integrated method which fine-tunes the classifier parameters and selects the most relevant kinematic variables simultaneously. Performance comparisons are using robust resampling techniques such as Bootstrap 632+ and k-fold cross-validation. Results from experimentations with lesion subjects suffering from pathological plantar hyperkeratosis, show that the proposed method can lead to /spl sim/96% correct classification rates with less than 10% of the original features.