Role of environmental factors in axial skeletal dysmorphogenesis

Approximately 1 in 1000 live births is afflicted with an axial skeletal defect. Although many of the known human teratogens can produce axial skeletal defects, the etiology of over half of the observed defects is unknown. The high morbidity associated with these defects demands that we continue to e...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Birth defects research. Part C. Embryo today 2010-06, Vol.90 (2), p.118-132
Main Authors: Alexander, Peter G., Tuan, Rocky S.
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Bone and Bones - abnormalities
Bone and Bones - pathology
Child
Congenital defects
congenital scoliosis
Developmental Disabilities - complications
Embryos
Environmental factors
Etiology
Fetal Diseases
Humans
Male
Morbidity
Mutagenesis
somitogenesis
Spine
Spine - abnormalities
Spine - pathology
Teratogenesis
Teratogens
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Summary:Approximately 1 in 1000 live births is afflicted with an axial skeletal defect. Although many of the known human teratogens can produce axial skeletal defects, the etiology of over half of the observed defects is unknown. The high morbidity associated with these defects demands that we continue to elucidate the mechanisms of axial skeletal teratogens. Advances in cell and molecular biology with respect to normal development and somitogenesis and the pathogenesis and mechanisms of teratogenesis are occurring at a tremendous rate. This allows teratologists and developmental toxicologists the opportunity to revisit old problems with new tools to elucidate common mechanisms between various environmental insults and discover novel targets that aid in the understanding of normal and pathogenic development of the spine. Birth Defects Research (Part C) 90:118–132, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
ISSN:1542-975X
1542-9768
1542-9768
DOI:10.1002/bdrc.20179