Contagious equine metritis: Artificial reproduction changes the epidemiologic paradigm

Recent CEM outbreak reports reflect a novel epidemiologic manifestation with a markedly different risk association for transmission via artificial reproduction and subsequent to inadvertent importation of unapparent carrier stallions. Artificial breeding has an increased association with horizontal...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Veterinary microbiology 2013-11, Vol.167 (1-2), p.2-8
Main Authors: Schulman, Martin Lance, May, Catherine Edith, Keys, Bronwyn, Guthrie, Alan John
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Animals
bacteriology
biosecurity
breeding
Carrier State - veterinary
Clinical aspects
contagious equine metritis
cryopreservation
diagnostic sensitivity
Epidemiology
Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections - epidemiology
Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections - transmission
Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections - veterinary
Horse Diseases - epidemiology
Horse Diseases - transmission
Horses
Insemination, Artificial - veterinary
international trade
monitoring
PCR
polymerase chain reaction
reproduction
risk
risk factors
Semen
Semen - microbiology
Sexually Transmitted Diseases - epidemiology
Sexually Transmitted Diseases - veterinary
Stallion
stallions
Taylorella equigenitalis
Taylorella equigenitalis - physiology
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Summary:Recent CEM outbreak reports reflect a novel epidemiologic manifestation with a markedly different risk association for transmission via artificial reproduction and subsequent to inadvertent importation of unapparent carrier stallions. Artificial breeding has an increased association with horizontal or fomite-associated transmission. Reported risk factors include inadequate biosecurity protocols at centralised breeding facilities associated with stallion management and methods of semen collection, processing and transport. Detection of carriers is based on traditional bacteriology from genital swabs and despite limitations inherent to Taylorella equigenitalis is currently the gold standard applied in all international trade and movement protocols. These limitations are reported to be overcome by PCR assays improving diagnostic sensitivity and specificity, practicality, turn-around times, through-put and cost efficacy. Molecular methods have increased understanding of the Taylorelleae, facilitate epidemiologic surveillance and outbreak control strategies. Validation and international regulatory acceptance of a robust PCR-based assay and the undefined risks in association with cryopreserved semen and embryos are future areas warranting further investigation.
ISSN:0378-1135
1873-2542
DOI:10.1016/j.vetmic.2012.12.021