Energy-critical elements for sustainable development

Energy-critical elements (ECEs) are chemical and isotopic species that are required for emerging sustainable energy sources and that might encounter supply disruptions. An oft-cited example is the rare-earth element neodymium used in high-strength magnets, but elements other than rare earths, for ex...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:MRS bulletin 2012-04, Vol.37 (4), p.405-410
Main Authors: Hurd, Alan J., Kelley, Ronald L., Eggert, Roderick G., Lee, Min-Ha
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Applied and Technical Physics
Characterization and Evaluation of Materials
Chemical elements
Congressional committees
Critical Elements
Energy
Energy & Water
Energy & Water • Critical Elements
Energy Materials
Geology
Materials Engineering
Materials research
Materials Science
Metals
Nanotechnology
Strategic materials
Sustainable development
Uranium
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Summary:Energy-critical elements (ECEs) are chemical and isotopic species that are required for emerging sustainable energy sources and that might encounter supply disruptions. An oft-cited example is the rare-earth element neodymium used in high-strength magnets, but elements other than rare earths, for example, helium, are also considered ECEs. The relationships among abundance, markets, and geopolitics that constrain supply are at least as complex as the electronic and nuclear attributes that make ECEs valuable. In an effort to ensure supply for renewable-energy technologies, science decision makers are formulating policies to mitigate supply risk, sometimes without full view of the complexity of important factors, such as unanticipated market responses to policy, society’s needs for these elements in the course of basic research, and a lack of substitutes for utterly unique physical properties. This article places ECEs in historical context, highlights relevant market factors, and reviews policy recommendations made by various studies and governments. Actions taken by the United States and other countries are also described. Although availability and scarcity are related, many ECEs are relatively common yet their supply is at risk. Sustainable development requires informed action and cooperation between governments, industries, and researchers.
ISSN:0883-7694
1938-1425
DOI:10.1557/mrs.2012.54