Improvement of Vitamin D Status via Daily Intake of Fortified Yogurt Drink Either with or without Extra Calcium Ameliorates Systemic Inflammatory Biomarkers, including Adipokines, in the Subjects with Type 2 Diabetes

• Published in: The journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism 2012-06, Vol.97 (6), p.2005-2011
• Main Authors: Neyestani, Tirang R, Nikooyeh, Bahareh, Alavi-Majd, Hamid, Shariatzadeh, Nastaran, Kalayi, Ali, Tayebinejad, Nima, Heravifard, Soudabeh, Salekzamani, Shabnam, Zahedirad, Malihe
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Adiponectin - blood; Adult; Biological and medical sciences; Biomarkers - blood; Calcium, Dietary - administration & dosage; Cells, Cultured; Cytokines - metabolism; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 - blood; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 - diet therapy; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 - immunology; Diabetes. Impaired glucose tolerance; Endocrine pancreas. Apud cells (diseases); Endocrinopathies; Etiopathogenesis. Screening. Investigations. Target tissue resistance; Feeding. Feeding behavior; Female; Food, Fortified; Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology; Humans; Inflammation - blood; Inflammation - immunology; Inflammation - prevention & control; Leukocytes, Mononuclear - cytology; Leukocytes, Mononuclear - immunology; Leukocytes, Mononuclear - metabolism; Male; Medical sciences; Middle Aged; Vertebrates: anatomy and physiology, studies on body, several organs or systems; Vertebrates: endocrinology; Vitamin D - administration & dosage; Vitamin D - blood; Vitamins - administration & dosage; Vitamins - blood; Yogurt
• ISSN: 0021-972X; 1945-7197
• DOI: 10.1210/jc.2011-3465

Context: Systemic inflammation is thought to have a central role in diabetic long-term complications. Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of vitamin D either with or without extra calcium on certain inflammatory biomarkers in the subjects with type 2 diabetes (T2D). Design, Setting, and Participants: This was a double-blind, randomized, controlled trial conducted over 12 wk in 90 T2D subjects aged 30–60 yr from both sexes. Intervention: Subjects were randomly allocated to one of three groups to receive two 250-ml bottles a day of plain Persian yogurt drink or doogh (PD, containing 150 mg calcium and no detectable vitamin D3/250 ml), vitamin D-fortified doogh (DD, containing 500 IU vitamin D3 and 150 mg calcium/250 ml), or calcium + vitamin D3-fortified doogh (CDD, containing 500 IU vitamin D3 and 250 mg calcium/250 ml). Outcome Measures: The changes in inflammatory markers were evaluated. Results: Compared to the baseline values, highly sensitive C-reactive protein, IL-1β, IL-6, fibrinogen, and retinol binding protein-4 concentrations significantly decreased in both the DD and CDD groups. Although the decrement in highly sensitive C-reactive protein and fibrinogen was more in CDD compared to DD (−4.0 ± 8.5 vs. −1.3 ± 2.8 mg/liter, and −0.40 ± 0.74 and −0.20 ± 0.52 mg/liter, respectively), the differences were not significant. There was a significant increase in serum adiponectin in both the DD and CDD groups (51.3 ± 65.3 vs. 57.1 ± 33.8 μg/liter; P < 0.05). Mean adiponectin changes in CDD were significantly higher than in PD (P = 0.021). Conclusions: Daily intake of vitamin D-fortified doogh improved inflammatory markers in T2D subjects, and extra calcium conferred additional benefit only for the antiinflammatory adipokine, i.e. adiponectin.