Determination of exposure levels of honey bees foraging on flowers of mature citrus trees previously treated with imidacloprid

BACKGROUND: Field and tunnel cage studies were undertaken to determine the extent to which honey bees foraging on citrus blossoms were exposed to imidacloprid and its metabolites when citrus trees were treated with soil applications of the insecticide. Residues were measured by LC/MS/MS in nectar an...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Pest management science 2014-03, Vol.70 (3), p.470-482
Main Authors: Byrne, Frank J, Visscher, P Kirk, Leimkuehler, Bill, Fischer, Dave, Grafton‐Cardwell, Elizabeth E, Morse, Joseph G
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Agronomy. Soil science and plant productions
Animals
Apis mellifera
Apis mellifera ligustica
Apoidea
application rate
Bees
Bees - chemistry
Bees - drug effects
bioassays
Biological and medical sciences
cages
Citrus
Citrus - chemistry
Citrus - growth & development
Citrus fruits
Control
crops
Environmental Exposure - analysis
flowers
Flowers - chemistry
Flowers - growth & development
foraging
Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology
honey bees
imidacloprid
Imidazoles - analysis
Imidazoles - toxicity
Insecticides
Insecticides - analysis
Insecticides - toxicity
nectar
Neonicotinoids
Nitro Compounds - analysis
Nitro Compounds - toxicity
olefin
Pest control
pesticide application
Phytopathology. Animal pests. Plant and forest protection
Plant nectar
pollen
Pollen - chemistry
Protozoa. Invertebrates
soil treatment
Tandem Mass Spectrometry
trees
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Summary:BACKGROUND: Field and tunnel cage studies were undertaken to determine the extent to which honey bees foraging on citrus blossoms were exposed to imidacloprid and its metabolites when citrus trees were treated with soil applications of the insecticide. Residues were measured by LC/MS/MS in nectar and pollen samples from trees treated up to 232 days prior to bloom. RESULTS: Imidacloprid, imidacloprid olefin and 5‐hydroxy imidacloprid were detected in nectar and pollen sampled from the flowers of citrus trees treated with imidacloprid up to 232 days prior to bloom. In tunnel studies, where foraging was restricted exclusively to citrus, imidacloprid residues in nectar extracted from flowers and from bee crops were similar (
ISSN:1526-498X
1526-4998
DOI:10.1002/ps.3596