Discriminating between tectonism and climate signatures in palustrine deposits: Lessons from the Miocene of the Teruel Graben, NE Spain

• Published in: Earth-science reviews 2012-07, Vol.113 (3-4), p.141-160
• Main Authors: Alonso-Zarza, Ana M., Meléndez, Alfonso, Martín-García, Rebeca, Herrero, Mª Josefa, Martín-Pérez, Andrea
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: calcite; carbon; Carbonates; Climate; Climate change; Continental carbonates; Deposition; energy; Exposure; ferrous oxide; Formations; Geochemistry; iron; Isotopes; lacustrine sediments; Lakes; Limestone; oxygen; Paleoclimate science; Palustrine; Sedimentary geology; Sedimentation & deposition; Sediments; stable isotopes; subsidence; Tectonism; Teruel Graben; topography; wetlands
• ISSN: 0012-8252; 1872-6828
• DOI: 10.1016/j.earscirev.2012.03.011

The Upper Miocene (Vallesian–Turolian) Unit II of the Teruel Graben comprises at its top a 25m-thick sequence of palustrine deposits. Deposition of the entire unit commenced some 9 to 7Ma ago in a half-graben basin. Here, via a recent quarry, we examine in detail the lateral and vertical distribution of Unit II's palustrine facies and their features to determine the palaeogeography and main controls on deposit formation. Our findings suggest the deposits formed at a low-gradient lake margin with different energy levels. These energy levels controlled the type of primary deposit within the lake; wackestone to packstone sediments formed in low-energy conditions, whereas cross-bedded rudstones to floatstones formed under higher energy conditions, by erosion and redeposition of prior lacustrine deposits. Pedogenic and diagenetic modifications of the primary sediments took place during sedimentary discontinuities (SD) when the lacustrine sediments were subaerially exposed. These processes serve to explain the formation of eight different palustrine limestones: limestones with root traces, mottled limestones, brecciated limestones, flat pebble breccias, granular limestones, micro-karstified limestones with laminar calcretes, carbonate mounds and clayey limestones with laminar calcretes. Based on the features and thicknesses of the modified sediments five different morphological stages (I to V) of palustrine carbonates are defined. Stage I is characterized by incipient mottling and brecciation. Stage II shows mottling and strong brecciation that lead to the formation of intraclast breccias, in which the fragments are mostly “in situ”. In Stage III, the primary fabric is totally changed; intraclasts have moved and may have lost their initial morphology. This Stage III may also be characterized by the formation of micro-karst. Stage IV is typified by the presence of coated grains and thin root mats. The chronological data available suggest that the formation of Stage III (lacustrine deposition+palustrine modification) would require about 40,000yr. Facies and the SD record changes across short horizontal distances, and thus reflect the topography of prior sedimentation/modification events. Small (50cm) highs with micro-karst have their SD counterparts in lower areas of the lake, in which the SD is indicated by desiccation and mottling. The topographic differences of the micro-karst were filled by intraclastic rudstones sourced by the adjacent carbonate flats. The ex