The 1997 ENSO event and implication for North American Laurentian Great Lakes winter severity and ice cover

Mild winters and below‐average annual maximum ice cover for the Laurentian Great Lakes occur during strong warm ENSO events. During the six strongest warm ENSO events since 1950 a Great Lakes winter severity temperature index and simulated annual maximum ice cover averaged 1.2°C above and 15% below...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Geophysical research letters 1998-04, Vol.25 (7), p.1031-1033
Main Author: Assel, Raymond A.
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Earth, ocean, space
Exact sciences and technology
External geophysics
Freshwater
Marine
Meteorology
Other topics in atmospheric geophysics
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Summary:Mild winters and below‐average annual maximum ice cover for the Laurentian Great Lakes occur during strong warm ENSO events. During the six strongest warm ENSO events since 1950 a Great Lakes winter severity temperature index and simulated annual maximum ice cover averaged 1.2°C above and 15% below a 1950–1994 average, respectively. The observed differences between the average of the strong ENSO event years and the base period average are statistically significant.
ISSN:0094-8276
1944-8007
DOI:10.1029/98GL00720