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CME front and severe space weather
Thanks to the work of a number of scientists who made it known that severe space weather can cause extensive social and economic disruptions in the modern high‐technology society. It is therefore important to understand what determines the severity of space weather and whether it can be predicted. W...
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| Published in: | Journal of geophysical research. Space physics 2014-12, Vol.119 (12), p.10,041-10,058 |
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| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , |
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| cited_by | cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c5437-163276eab9afd508dfdf18925682cacd552429b6bc719fa5c7822b100577a9713 |
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| cites | cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c5437-163276eab9afd508dfdf18925682cacd552429b6bc719fa5c7822b100577a9713 |
| container_end_page | 10,058 |
| container_issue | 12 |
| container_start_page | 10,041 |
| container_title | Journal of geophysical research. Space physics |
| container_volume | 119 |
| creator | Balan, N. Skoug, R. Tulasi Ram, S. Rajesh, P. K. Shiokawa, K. Otsuka, Y. Batista, I. S. Ebihara, Y. Nakamura, T. |
| description | Thanks to the work of a number of scientists who made it known that severe space weather can cause extensive social and economic disruptions in the modern high‐technology society. It is therefore important to understand what determines the severity of space weather and whether it can be predicted. We present results obtained from the analysis of coronal mass ejections (CMEs), solar energetic particle (SEP) events, interplanetary magnetic field (IMF), CME‐magnetosphere coupling, and geomagnetic storms associated with the major space weather events since 1998 by combining data from the ACE and GOES satellites with geomagnetic parameters and the Carrington event of 1859, the Quebec event of 1989, and an event in 1958. The results seem to indicate that (1) it is the impulsive energy mainly due to the impulsive velocity and orientation of IMF Bz at the leading edge of the CMEs (or CME front) that determine the severity of space weather. (2) CMEs having high impulsive velocity (sudden nonfluctuating increase by over 275 km s−1 over the background) caused severe space weather (SvSW) in the heliosphere (failure of the solar wind ion mode of Solar Wind Electron Proton Alpha Monitor in ACE) probably by suddenly accelerating the high‐energy particles in the SEPs ahead directly or through the shocks. (3) The impact of such CMEs which also show the IMF Bz southward from the leading edge caused SvSW at the Earth including extreme geomagnetic storms of mean DstMP |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1002/2014JA020151 |
| format | article |
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Key Points
Impulsive energy at CME front causes severe space weather (SvSW) in heliosphere
Impulsive energy and IMF Bz southward at the CME front causes SvSW at the Earth
Northward IMF Bz at the CME front causes normal space weather at the Earth</description><identifier>ISSN: 2169-9380</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 2169-9402</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1002/2014JA020151</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Washington: Blackwell Publishing Ltd</publisher><subject>Alpha rays ; CME-magnetosphere coupling ; Coronal mass ejection ; Earth ; Economics ; Electric power ; electric power outage ; Energetic particles ; Energy ; Extreme weather ; Fronts ; Fronts (meteorology) ; Geomagnetic storms ; Geomagnetism ; GOES satellites ; Heliosphere ; Interplanetary magnetic field ; Leading edges ; Magnetic fields ; Magnetic storms ; Magnetosphere ; Magnetospheres ; Particle physics ; severe space weather ; Solar corona ; Solar generators ; Solar wind ; Space weather ; Storms ; Tsunamis</subject><ispartof>Journal of geophysical research. Space physics, 2014-12, Vol.119 (12), p.10,041-10,058</ispartof><rights>2014. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved.</rights><rights>2015. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c5437-163276eab9afd508dfdf18925682cacd552429b6bc719fa5c7822b100577a9713</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c5437-163276eab9afd508dfdf18925682cacd552429b6bc719fa5c7822b100577a9713</cites><orcidid>0000-0002-9530-6752</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><link.rule.ids>314,777,781,27905,27906</link.rule.ids></links><search><creatorcontrib>Balan, N.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Skoug, R.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Tulasi Ram, S.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Rajesh, P. K.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Shiokawa, K.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Otsuka, Y.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Batista, I. S.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ebihara, Y.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Nakamura, T.</creatorcontrib><title>CME front and severe space weather</title><title>Journal of geophysical research. Space physics</title><addtitle>J. Geophys. Res. Space Physics</addtitle><description>Thanks to the work of a number of scientists who made it known that severe space weather can cause extensive social and economic disruptions in the modern high‐technology society. It is therefore important to understand what determines the severity of space weather and whether it can be predicted. We present results obtained from the analysis of coronal mass ejections (CMEs), solar energetic particle (SEP) events, interplanetary magnetic field (IMF), CME‐magnetosphere coupling, and geomagnetic storms associated with the major space weather events since 1998 by combining data from the ACE and GOES satellites with geomagnetic parameters and the Carrington event of 1859, the Quebec event of 1989, and an event in 1958. The results seem to indicate that (1) it is the impulsive energy mainly due to the impulsive velocity and orientation of IMF Bz at the leading edge of the CMEs (or CME front) that determine the severity of space weather. (2) CMEs having high impulsive velocity (sudden nonfluctuating increase by over 275 km s−1 over the background) caused severe space weather (SvSW) in the heliosphere (failure of the solar wind ion mode of Solar Wind Electron Proton Alpha Monitor in ACE) probably by suddenly accelerating the high‐energy particles in the SEPs ahead directly or through the shocks. (3) The impact of such CMEs which also show the IMF Bz southward from the leading edge caused SvSW at the Earth including extreme geomagnetic storms of mean DstMP < −250 nT during main phases, and the known electric power outages happened during some of these SvSW events. (4) The higher the impulsive velocity, the more severe the space weather, like faster weather fronts and tsunami fronts causing more severe damage through impulsive action. (5) The CMEs having IMF Bz northward at the leading edge do not seem to cause SvSW on Earth, although, later when the IMF Bz turns southward, they can lead to super geomagnetic storms of intensity (Dstmin) less than even −400 nT.
Key Points
Impulsive energy at CME front causes severe space weather (SvSW) in heliosphere
Impulsive energy and IMF Bz southward at the CME front causes SvSW at the Earth
Northward IMF Bz at the CME front causes normal space weather at the Earth</description><subject>Alpha rays</subject><subject>CME-magnetosphere coupling</subject><subject>Coronal mass ejection</subject><subject>Earth</subject><subject>Economics</subject><subject>Electric power</subject><subject>electric power outage</subject><subject>Energetic particles</subject><subject>Energy</subject><subject>Extreme weather</subject><subject>Fronts</subject><subject>Fronts (meteorology)</subject><subject>Geomagnetic storms</subject><subject>Geomagnetism</subject><subject>GOES satellites</subject><subject>Heliosphere</subject><subject>Interplanetary magnetic field</subject><subject>Leading edges</subject><subject>Magnetic fields</subject><subject>Magnetic storms</subject><subject>Magnetosphere</subject><subject>Magnetospheres</subject><subject>Particle physics</subject><subject>severe space weather</subject><subject>Solar corona</subject><subject>Solar generators</subject><subject>Solar wind</subject><subject>Space weather</subject><subject>Storms</subject><subject>Tsunamis</subject><issn>2169-9380</issn><issn>2169-9402</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2014</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><recordid>eNqN0UtLw0AQAOAgCpbamz8g6MWD0X0_jiX0YWlVquJx2SQbTE2Tupta--9djYp4KO5lluWb2RkmCI4huIAAoEsEIJn0gQ8U7gUdBJmMJAFo__uOBTgMes4tgD_CP0HaCU7i2SDMbV01oa6y0JlXY03oVjo14cbo5snYo-Ag16Uzva_YDR6Gg_t4HE1vRldxfxqllGAeQYYRZ0YnUucZBSLLsxwKiSgTKNVpRikiSCYsSTmUuaYpFwglvnXKuZYc4m5w1tZd2fplbVyjloVLTVnqytRrpyBjUjDJufwPBQRDiKmnp3_ool7byg-ioCSEYy4l3qkYEQQDIbhX561Kbe2cNbla2WKp7VZBoD6WoH4vwXPc8k1Rmu1OqyajeZ9C8vlJ1GYVrjFvP1naPivmu6Xq8XqkUHw7G9_Nh4rjd2OMkUo</recordid><startdate>201412</startdate><enddate>201412</enddate><creator>Balan, N.</creator><creator>Skoug, R.</creator><creator>Tulasi Ram, S.</creator><creator>Rajesh, P. K.</creator><creator>Shiokawa, K.</creator><creator>Otsuka, Y.</creator><creator>Batista, I. S.</creator><creator>Ebihara, Y.</creator><creator>Nakamura, T.</creator><general>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</general><scope>BSCLL</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7TG</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>H8D</scope><scope>KL.</scope><scope>L7M</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9530-6752</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>201412</creationdate><title>CME front and severe space weather</title><author>Balan, N. ; Skoug, R. ; Tulasi Ram, S. ; Rajesh, P. K. ; Shiokawa, K. ; Otsuka, Y. ; Batista, I. S. ; Ebihara, Y. ; Nakamura, T.</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c5437-163276eab9afd508dfdf18925682cacd552429b6bc719fa5c7822b100577a9713</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2014</creationdate><topic>Alpha rays</topic><topic>CME-magnetosphere coupling</topic><topic>Coronal mass ejection</topic><topic>Earth</topic><topic>Economics</topic><topic>Electric power</topic><topic>electric power outage</topic><topic>Energetic particles</topic><topic>Energy</topic><topic>Extreme weather</topic><topic>Fronts</topic><topic>Fronts (meteorology)</topic><topic>Geomagnetic storms</topic><topic>Geomagnetism</topic><topic>GOES satellites</topic><topic>Heliosphere</topic><topic>Interplanetary magnetic field</topic><topic>Leading edges</topic><topic>Magnetic fields</topic><topic>Magnetic storms</topic><topic>Magnetosphere</topic><topic>Magnetospheres</topic><topic>Particle physics</topic><topic>severe space weather</topic><topic>Solar corona</topic><topic>Solar generators</topic><topic>Solar wind</topic><topic>Space weather</topic><topic>Storms</topic><topic>Tsunamis</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Balan, N.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Skoug, R.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Tulasi Ram, S.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Rajesh, P. K.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Shiokawa, K.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Otsuka, Y.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Batista, I. S.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ebihara, Y.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Nakamura, T.</creatorcontrib><collection>Istex</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Meteorological & Geoastrophysical Abstracts</collection><collection>Technology Research Database</collection><collection>Aerospace Database</collection><collection>Meteorological & Geoastrophysical Abstracts - Academic</collection><collection>Advanced Technologies Database with Aerospace</collection><jtitle>Journal of geophysical research. Space physics</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Balan, N.</au><au>Skoug, R.</au><au>Tulasi Ram, S.</au><au>Rajesh, P. K.</au><au>Shiokawa, K.</au><au>Otsuka, Y.</au><au>Batista, I. S.</au><au>Ebihara, Y.</au><au>Nakamura, T.</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>CME front and severe space weather</atitle><jtitle>Journal of geophysical research. Space physics</jtitle><addtitle>J. Geophys. Res. Space Physics</addtitle><date>2014-12</date><risdate>2014</risdate><volume>119</volume><issue>12</issue><spage>10,041</spage><epage>10,058</epage><pages>10,041-10,058</pages><issn>2169-9380</issn><eissn>2169-9402</eissn><abstract>Thanks to the work of a number of scientists who made it known that severe space weather can cause extensive social and economic disruptions in the modern high‐technology society. It is therefore important to understand what determines the severity of space weather and whether it can be predicted. We present results obtained from the analysis of coronal mass ejections (CMEs), solar energetic particle (SEP) events, interplanetary magnetic field (IMF), CME‐magnetosphere coupling, and geomagnetic storms associated with the major space weather events since 1998 by combining data from the ACE and GOES satellites with geomagnetic parameters and the Carrington event of 1859, the Quebec event of 1989, and an event in 1958. The results seem to indicate that (1) it is the impulsive energy mainly due to the impulsive velocity and orientation of IMF Bz at the leading edge of the CMEs (or CME front) that determine the severity of space weather. (2) CMEs having high impulsive velocity (sudden nonfluctuating increase by over 275 km s−1 over the background) caused severe space weather (SvSW) in the heliosphere (failure of the solar wind ion mode of Solar Wind Electron Proton Alpha Monitor in ACE) probably by suddenly accelerating the high‐energy particles in the SEPs ahead directly or through the shocks. (3) The impact of such CMEs which also show the IMF Bz southward from the leading edge caused SvSW at the Earth including extreme geomagnetic storms of mean DstMP < −250 nT during main phases, and the known electric power outages happened during some of these SvSW events. (4) The higher the impulsive velocity, the more severe the space weather, like faster weather fronts and tsunami fronts causing more severe damage through impulsive action. (5) The CMEs having IMF Bz northward at the leading edge do not seem to cause SvSW on Earth, although, later when the IMF Bz turns southward, they can lead to super geomagnetic storms of intensity (Dstmin) less than even −400 nT.
Key Points
Impulsive energy at CME front causes severe space weather (SvSW) in heliosphere
Impulsive energy and IMF Bz southward at the CME front causes SvSW at the Earth
Northward IMF Bz at the CME front causes normal space weather at the Earth</abstract><cop>Washington</cop><pub>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</pub><doi>10.1002/2014JA020151</doi><tpages>18</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9530-6752</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| identifier | ISSN: 2169-9380 |
| ispartof | Journal of geophysical research. Space physics, 2014-12, Vol.119 (12), p.10,041-10,058 |
| issn | 2169-9380 2169-9402 |
| language | eng |
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| source | Wiley |
| subjects | Alpha rays CME-magnetosphere coupling Coronal mass ejection Earth Economics Electric power electric power outage Energetic particles Energy Extreme weather Fronts Fronts (meteorology) Geomagnetic storms Geomagnetism GOES satellites Heliosphere Interplanetary magnetic field Leading edges Magnetic fields Magnetic storms Magnetosphere Magnetospheres Particle physics severe space weather Solar corona Solar generators Solar wind Space weather Storms Tsunamis |
| title | CME front and severe space weather |
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