Parental education predicts change in intelligence quotient after childhood epilepsy surgery

• Published in: Epilepsia (Copenhagen) 2015-04, Vol.56 (4), p.599-607
• Main Authors: Meekes, Joost, Schooneveld, Monique M. J., Braams, Olga B., Jennekens‐Schinkel, Aag, Rijen, Peter C., Hendriks, Marc P. H., Braun, Kees P. J., Nieuwenhuizen, Onno
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Adolescent; Child; Child, Preschool; Cognitive change; Cohort Studies; Educational Status; Epilepsy - epidemiology; Epilepsy - psychology; Epilepsy - surgery; Female; Humans; Intelligence; Intelligence quotient; Intelligence Tests; Male; Parent-Child Relations; Parental education; Predictive Value of Tests; Prognosis; Retrospective Studies; Treatment Outcome
• ISSN: 0013-9580; 1528-1167
• DOI: 10.1111/epi.12938

Summary Objective To know whether change in the intelligence quotient (IQ) of children who undergo epilepsy surgery is associated with the educational level of their parents. Methods Retrospective analysis of data obtained from a cohort of children who underwent epilepsy surgery between January 1996 and September 2010. We performed simple and multiple regression analyses to identify predictors associated with IQ change after surgery. In addition to parental education, six variables previously demonstrated to be associated with IQ change after surgery were included as predictors: age at surgery, duration of epilepsy, etiology, presurgical IQ, reduction of antiepileptic drugs, and seizure freedom. We used delta IQ (IQ 2 years after surgery minus IQ shortly before surgery) as the primary outcome variable, but also performed analyses with pre‐ and postsurgical IQ as outcome variables to support our findings. To validate the results we performed simple regression analysis with parental education as the predictor in specific subgroups. Results The sample for regression analysis included 118 children (60 male; median age at surgery 9.73 years). Parental education was significantly associated with delta IQ in simple regression analysis (p = 0.004), and also contributed significantly to postsurgical IQ in multiple regression analysis (p = 0.008). Additional analyses demonstrated that parental education made a unique contribution to prediction of delta IQ, that is, it could not be replaced by the illness‐related variables. Subgroup analyses confirmed the association of parental education with IQ change after surgery for most groups. Significance Children whose parents had higher education demonstrate on average a greater increase in IQ after surgery and a higher postsurgical—but not presurgical—IQ than children whose parents completed at most lower secondary education. Parental education—and perhaps other environmental variables—should be considered in the prognosis of cognitive function after childhood epilepsy surgery.