Mucosal vaccines: a paradigm shift in the development of mucosal adjuvants and delivery vehicles

Mucosal immune responses are the first‐line defensive mechanisms against a variety of infections. Therefore, immunizations of mucosal surfaces from which majority of infectious agents make their entry, helps to protect the body against infections. Hence, vaccinization of mucosal surfaces by using mu...

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Published in:APMIS : acta pathologica, microbiologica et immunologica Scandinavica microbiologica et immunologica Scandinavica, 2015-04, Vol.123 (4), p.275-288
Main Authors: Srivastava, Atul, Gowda, Devegowda Vishakante, Madhunapantula, SubbaRao V., Shinde, Chetan G., Iyer, Meenakshi
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Adjuvants, Immunologic - administration & dosage
antigen delivery
Antigens
Cytokines - administration & dosage
Cytokines - immunology
Drug Carriers
Humans
immune response
Immunity, Mucosal
Immunoglobulin A - immunology
Infections
mucosal adjuvant
Mucosal vaccines
Mucous Membrane - immunology
Th1 Cells - immunology
Th2 Cells - immunology
Vaccination - methods
Vaccines
Vaccines - administration & dosage
Vaccines - immunology
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Summary:Mucosal immune responses are the first‐line defensive mechanisms against a variety of infections. Therefore, immunizations of mucosal surfaces from which majority of infectious agents make their entry, helps to protect the body against infections. Hence, vaccinization of mucosal surfaces by using mucosal vaccines provides the basis for generating protective immunity both in the mucosal and systemic immune compartments. Mucosal vaccines offer several advantages over parenteral immunization. For example, (i) ease of administration; (ii) non‐invasiveness; (iii) high‐patient compliance; and (iv) suitability for mass vaccination. Despite these benefits, to date, only very few mucosal vaccines have been developed using whole microorganisms and approved for use in humans. This is due to various challenges associated with the development of an effective mucosal vaccine that can work against a variety of infections, and various problems concerned with the safe delivery of developed vaccine. For instance, protein antigen alone is not just sufficient enough for the optimal delivery of antigen(s) mucosally. Hence, efforts have been made to develop better prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines for improved mucosal Th1 and Th2 immune responses using an efficient and safe immunostimulatory molecule and novel delivery carriers. Therefore, in this review, we have made an attempt to cover the recent advancements in the development of adjuvants and delivery carriers for safe and effective mucosal vaccine production.
ISSN:0903-4641
1600-0463
DOI:10.1111/apm.12351