The Absence of Gallstones on Point-of-Care Ultrasound Rules Out Acute Cholecystitis

• Published in: The Journal of emergency medicine 2015-10, Vol.49 (4), p.475-480
• Main Authors: Villar, Julian, MD, MPH, Summers, Shane M., MD, RDMS, Menchine, Michael D., MD, MPH, Fox, J. Christian, MD, RDMS, Wang, Ralph, MD, RDMS
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: abdominal imaging; acute cholecystitis; Adult; Aged; Cholecystitis, Acute - diagnostic imaging; cholelithiasis; Cross-Sectional Studies; Emergency; emergency ultrasound; Female; Gallbladder - diagnostic imaging; Gallstones - diagnostic imaging; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Point-of-Care Systems; Predictive Value of Tests; Prospective Studies; screening; Sensitivity and Specificity; Ultrasonography
• ISSN: 0736-4679; 2352-5029
• DOI: 10.1016/j.jemermed.2015.04.037

Abstract Background Cholelithiasis affects an estimated 20 million people in the United States yearly; 20% of symptomatic patients will develop acute cholecystitis (AC). A recent single-center study estimating test characteristics of point-of-care ultrasonography (POCUS) for the detection of AC, as defined by gallstones plus sonographic Murphy’s or pericholecystic fluid or gallbladder wall-thickening, resulted in a sensitivity and specificity of 87% (95% confidence interval [CI] 66–97) and 82% (95% CI 74–88), respectively. No prior studies have been conducted to estimate the test characteristics of POCUS for the purpose of excluding acute calculous cholecystitis. Objective To determine whether the finding of gallstones alone on POCUS has high sensitivity, high negative predictive value, and low negative likelihood ratio for the exclusion of AC. Methods We conducted an analysis using data from a prospective cross-sectional single-center study of POCUS test to estimate the test characteristics using a simplified definition of a positive test – the presence of gallstones alone. Clinical follow-up and pathology reports were used as the reference standard. Test characteristics were calculated and compared to the standard definition, gallstones plus one secondary finding. Results The overall prevalence of AC was 14% (23 pathology-confirmed cases of 164 included patients). The sensitivity of the simplified definition was 100% (95% CI 85.7–100), negative predictive value 100% (95% CI 92.2–100), and negative likelihood ratio was < 0.1, compared to a sensitivity of 87% (95% CI 66–97%), negative predictive value 97% (95% CI 93–99%), and negative likelihood ratio of 0.16 (95% CI 0.06–0.5). Conclusion Simplifying the definition of the test findings on POCUS to gallstones alone has excellent sensitivity and negative predictive value for the exclusion of AC. This finding, if broadly validated prospectively, confirms the practice of excluding acute calculous cholecystitis using POCUS in emergency department patients.