Genetic, environmental, and neighbor effects on the severity of stereotypies and feather picking in Orange-winged Amazon parrots ( Amazona amazonica): An epidemiological study

• Published in: Applied animal behaviour science 2006, Vol.96 (1), p.153-168
• Main Authors: Garner, Joseph P., Meehan, Cheryl L., Famula, Thomas R., Mench, Joy A.
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: abnormal behavior; Amazona amazonica; animal stress; Animal welfare; epidemiological studies; Feather pecking; genetic resistance; Heritability; Obsessive compulsive behavior; Social enrichment; stereotyped behavior
• ISSN: 0168-1591; 1872-9045
• DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2005.09.009

Stereotypies and psychogenic feather picking represent two distinct forms of abnormal behavior in parrots, with implications for welfare and owner relinquishment. While both behaviors are common in captive parrots, relatively little is known about the factors that may predispose a parrot to their development. To assess the effects of potential social, environmental, and genetic factors, we performed an epidemiological study of a colony of 64 Orange-winged Amazon parrots. We first used mixed model methods to assess the narrow heritability, or genetic determination, of stereotypy, which was −0.08 ± 0.14, and feather picking, which was 1.14 ± 0.27. We then focused our study on one room of 27 birds that had always been housed in the same cage location. We examined the effects of neighbor behavior, number of neighbors, sex, family, age, cage row (beside an aisle or beside a wall), and distance from the door, on each behavior. Stereotypy was negatively correlated with the number of neighbors, but was unaffected by any other factor. In contrast, feather picking was affected by family, was more severe in females, and was progressively more severe in birds housed closer to the door when they had a direct line of sight of the door. Feather picking was spatially clustered in the room, but siblings from particular families were also more likely to be housed as neighbors than were non-siblings. Given the strong effect of family on feather picking and the effect of proximity to the door, these factors together explained the spatial clustering of feather picking. In addition, the feather picking of neighbors was uncorrelated. Thus, there was no evidence for social transmission of feather picking. Our results indicate that cages should be located away from potential stressors, and suggest that there is a potential for breeding against feather picking behavior in parrots. Finally, the markedly different genetic and environmental effects on stereotypies versus feather picking emphasizes that these are two distinct classes of Abnormal Repetitive Behavior in parrots.