Embodied water for urban economy: A three-scale input–output analysis for Beijing 2010

•A three-scale input–output analysis is conducted for urban water use.•Nine categories of embodied water resources are considered in the analysis.•The real water demand is almost triple the local water withdrawal in Beijing.•Water embodied in trade accounts for more than 90% of Beijing's water...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Ecological modelling 2015-12, Vol.318, p.19-25
Main Authors: Han, M.Y., Chen, G.Q., Mustafa, M.T., Hayat, T., Shao, Ling, Li, J.S., Xia, X.H., Ji, Xi
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Beijing
Demand (economics)
Domestic
Economics
Embodied water
Exports
Imports
Input–output analysis
International trade
Statistics
Urban economy
Water resources
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Summary:•A three-scale input–output analysis is conducted for urban water use.•Nine categories of embodied water resources are considered in the analysis.•The real water demand is almost triple the local water withdrawal in Beijing.•Water embodied in trade accounts for more than 90% of Beijing's water demand. The scheme of a three-scale input–output analysis is presented in this study to investigate the water use profile of the urban economy in Beijing. Defined as total water including direct and indirect water, embodied water for an urban economy supported by massive domestic and foreign trade can be decomposed into nine categories corresponding to three sources (local withdrawal, domestic imports, and foreign imports) and three destinations (local final demand, domestic exports, and foreign exports). Based on statistics for Beijing in 2010, the case urban economy is endowed with just 3.53 billion m3 of local water withdrawal, whereas the total embodied water demand is estimated up to 13.61 billion m3, almost quadruple the local water withdrawal. The extra 10.08 billion m3 of indirect water use is obtained via cross-boundary trade. Overall, Beijing's total water demand is satisfied mainly by domestic imports by a share of more than 60%, and partly by foreign imports by a share of around 20%. The unintentionally induced water embodied in domestic and global trade plays an essential role in satisfying the water demand, which has essential implications for decision making to ease urban water scarcity.
ISSN:0304-3800
1872-7026
DOI:10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2015.05.024