Concordance of dietary sodium intake and concomitant phosphate load: Implications for sodium interventions

Abstract Background and aims Both a high dietary sodium and high phosphate load are associated with an increased cardiovascular risk in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), and possibly also in non-CKD populations. Sodium and phosphate are abundantly present in processed food. We hypothesized...

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Published in:Nutrition, metabolism, and cardiovascular diseases metabolism, and cardiovascular diseases, 2016-08, Vol.26 (8), p.689-696
Main Authors: Humalda, J.K, Keyzer, C.A, Binnenmars, S.H, Kwakernaak, A.J, Slagman, M.C.J, Laverman, G.D, Bakker, S.J.L, de Borst, M.H, Navis, G.J
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Adult
Aged
Cardiovascular
Case-Control Studies
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 - complications
Diabetic Nephropathies - diet therapy
Diabetic Nephropathies - etiology
Diabetic Nephropathies - physiopathology
Diabetic Nephropathies - urine
Diet, Sodium-Restricted
Dietary counseling
Excretion
Fast Foods - adverse effects
Female
Humans
Kidney - physiopathology
Male
Middle Aged
Netherlands
Phosphate
Phosphates - adverse effects
Phosphates - urine
Phosphorus, Dietary - adverse effects
Phosphorus, Dietary - urine
Prospective Studies
Recommended Dietary Allowances
Renal Elimination
Renal Insufficiency, Chronic - diet therapy
Renal Insufficiency, Chronic - etiology
Renal Insufficiency, Chronic - physiopathology
Renal Insufficiency, Chronic - urine
Sodium
Sodium, Dietary - adverse effects
Sodium, Dietary - urine
Time Factors
Treatment Outcome
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Summary:Abstract Background and aims Both a high dietary sodium and high phosphate load are associated with an increased cardiovascular risk in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), and possibly also in non-CKD populations. Sodium and phosphate are abundantly present in processed food. We hypothesized that (modulation of) dietary sodium is accompanied by changes in phosphate load across populations with normal and impaired renal function. Methods and Results We first investigated the association between sodium and phosphate load in 24-h urine samples from healthy controls (n = 252), patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM, n = 255) and renal transplant recipients (RTR, n = 705). Secondly, we assessed the effect of sodium restriction on phosphate excretion in a nondiabetic CKD cohort (ND-CKD: n = 43) and a diabetic CKD cohort (D-CKD: n = 39). Sodium excretion correlated with phosphate excretion in healthy controls (R = 0.386, P  
ISSN:0939-4753
1590-3729
DOI:10.1016/j.numecd.2016.04.012