Selective muscle hypertrophy, changes in EMG and force, and serum hormones during strength training in older women

1  Neuromuscular Research Center and Department of Biology of Physical Activity, University of Jyväskylä, 40351 Jyväskylä; 2  Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Oulu, 90220 Oulu, Finland; 3  The Human Performance Laboratory, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana 47306; 4  Department of...

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Published in:Journal of applied physiology (1985) 2001-08, Vol.91 (2), p.569-580
Main Authors: Hakkinen, Keijo, Pakarinen, Arto, Kraemer, William J, Hakkinen, Arja, Valkeinen, Heli, Alen, Markku
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Aged
Biological and medical sciences
Body Height
Body Weight
Electromyography - methods
Endocrine system
Exercise
Exercise - physiology
Female
Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology
Hormones
Human Growth Hormone - blood
Humans
Hydrocortisone - blood
Hypertrophy
Insulin-Like Growth Factor I - metabolism
Isometric Contraction
Middle Aged
Muscle Fibers, Skeletal - cytology
Muscle Fibers, Skeletal - physiology
Muscle, Skeletal - cytology
Muscle, Skeletal - physiology
Muscular system
Older people
Physical Fitness - physiology
Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin - analysis
Striated muscle. Tendons
Testosterone - blood
Time Factors
Vertebrates: osteoarticular system, musculoskeletal system
Women
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Summary:1  Neuromuscular Research Center and Department of Biology of Physical Activity, University of Jyväskylä, 40351 Jyväskylä; 2  Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Oulu, 90220 Oulu, Finland; 3  The Human Performance Laboratory, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana 47306; 4  Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Central Hospital, 40620 Jyväskylä; 5  Department of Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, 40351 Jyväskylä; and 6  Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Kuopio University Hospital, 70211 Kuopio, Finland Effects of strength training (ST) for 21 wk were examined in 10 older women (64 ± 3 yr). Electromyogram, maximal isometric force, one-repetition maximum strength, and rate of force development of the leg extensors, muscle cross-sectional area (CSA) of the quadriceps femoris (QF) and of vastus lateralis (VL), medialis (VM), intermedius (VI) and rectus femoris (RF) throughout the lengths of 3/12-12/15 (Lf) of the femur, muscle fiber proportion and areas of types I, IIa, and IIb of the VL were evaluated. Serum hormone concentrations of testosterone, growth hormone (GH), cortisol, and IGF-I were analyzed for the resting, preexercise, and postexercise conditions. After the 21-wk ST, maximal force increased by 37% ( P  
ISSN:8750-7587
1522-1601
DOI:10.1152/jappl.2001.91.2.569